Spousal Assault Essays - Abuse, Violence Against Men,

Spousal Assault Spousal assault is either the male or the female of the relationship who is being beaten up very brutally by their partner, such as a marriage. In most violent marriages the women in most cases are mostly subjected to spousal assaults. Women who are subjected to such beatings by there spouses are considered to Be known as "Battered wives. Wife assult is to be known as a very serious crime when committed this type of action can happen to any person at any age of there lives. Their husbands or even their boyfriends beat up over one million Canadian women each year. There are five types of wife abuse that are physical, psychological, emotional, sexual and also financial. Some men beat their wives to a point until they receive power and control over there battered wives spousal assault is a continuing process by which has many contributing factors. A common myth about wife abuse is that it is direct result of the perpetuators drinking problem and if it is treated, the addiction and abuse would end. Alcohol and different types of drugs do not cause the spouse to beat there wives senseless but although the alcohol may be contributing factor to the abusement. Many of the men who are constantly abusing their wives do so with out any substance abuse .The men who are beating their wives have one main reason for doing so and that is to gain power, and to gain control over their wives. If they realize that they have not received enough control and power over their wives they would continue to do so till they do gain there advantage over there wives. The man who constantly drinks and does drugs when they batter their wives is used as an excuse for beating their wives up.Alcohol is a strong substance that can cause the men to be highly encouragably that can cause the men to be very violent. Many of the abusive men who have increasingly battered their wives Page 2 to a pulp try to apologies to their wives and want them to forgive them for there wrongful act and try to make up many excuses that she had done some thing wrong such phrases as these: " If you had been a better wife ", " Oh , it was your fault " , " Your not being a good mother to the kids or to the family ." " then you would not have deserved to be beaten up ". Beaten up their wives is all about control and power over their wives. The man tries to control what she does, whom she is talking to all the time and even keeps a track on her to see where she is going at any time of the day. If the wife does not listen to the " King " they try to intimidate their wives by putting fear in their wives by giving them fearful looks, unusual actions , giving her threatening gestures , talking to her in a loud despicable voice. Grabbing things of her property and smashing and throwing them all over the house. The husband believes that he has absolute power and ever-lasting control over his wife. Most of the men consider them selves as the king of the castle in other word the home. He thinks that he is the one who makes the " Big " decisions in the home. And also not letting the wife make any rules of her own in the home, and she is also expected to listen the man if not she knows what would happen if she doesn't listen to her husband. The man takes it as an advantage to control the household so no one is able to over control him. Making or carrying out threats to his wife or emotionally hurting her is another way that the man wants power over his wife. Using the children to make the wife feel guilty in a way the man will sometimes do to harass her, Many of the men will ask their wives to do very sickening sexual things to him even though she doesn't want to do such an act with him. Always physically attacking her sexual parts on her body and treating her like a sex object that can be very ridiculing for a woman, the man sexually abuses her. There are five forms of wife abuse. Firstly, psychological abuse. Psychological abuse is when the women live with the constant fear

The perfect storm and old man in the sea comparison essays

The perfect storm and old man in the sea comparison essays The commitment to sailing out farther into the sea where the big fish promise to be, testifies to the depth of a fishermans pride. Santiago, a character in The Old Man In The Sea, does this with determination to change his ill luck. In The Perfect Storm, the crew of the Andrea Gail does the same in order to make some quick cash with some hard working. In both books, obstacles unlike no other face each man, a moment of truth for all. Santiago, an old wise man, could definitely be considered a Jonah. He has faced ill luck for eighty-four days by not catching a single fish and becoming the laughing-stock of his insignificant village. His prize Marlin was destroyed by sharks and Santiago blames it on his exaggerated pride. On board the Andrea Gail, Billy Tyne also covets to go further into the sea, (the Flemish Cap) to increase his fish stock and earn a rewarding paycheck. His crew finds a great amount of fish but in the end loses it all to three combined storms: Hurricane Grace, the Sable Island Storm, and a Canadian high. Billy Tyne and Santiago share the same exaggerated pride, which in the end brings them down. When the crew works twenty hours a day for two or three weeks straight, they fall into their bunks for the long steam back. (P.58 The Perfect Storm) This means the storms caught the crew off guard and ill luck led the way to their fatal deaths. However, before Santiago was no more, he taught many lesson s to Manolin, and the Andrea Gail crew to the world. By sailing right into the middle of three storms, Billy Tynes ignorance and anxiety to get home and collect his money was overpowering him. Santiago was over powered in his mind to catch at least one fish and make his village stop laughing. These driving forces are what led to tragic endings in both novels. Everyone on the Andrea Gail is never heard from again and Santiago lost his Ma ...

Product Packaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product Packaging - Essay Example The combination of paper and plastic to package ice cream is relatively desirable, economical and convenient. The types of ice cream intended to market are creams, cones and bars. The ice cream categories include; frozen yogurt, dessert toppings, ice cream and novelties. Similarly, the sizes of the ice cream are; 3.5 oz for creams, 5.0 oz for ice cream bars and 4.5 oz for ice cream cones. These packaging materials can conform to any size and shape (Albert 16). In addition, it is essential to ensure that the packaging criteria favor all serving size options such as; retail, pints, scrounds, family and single consumers. According to the laws and regulations governing labeling in France, the labels on the food products must be visible, easy to understand, not edible and easy to see. Furthermore, the list of ingredients must be shown, the original place of the product and the storage condition. Similarly, the expiry date must be clearly indicated, and the percentage content of alcohol in the ice cream should be included. Ice cream with alcoholic content should indicate a warning (Castellani 30). In this regard, it should not be sold to persons below the age of 18, according to the minimum age as illustrated by the French law on alcohol. Various companies in France have different packaging techniques. For example, Unilever and Ben & Jerrys have to deep-frozen the ice cream after production and it takes the shape of the equipment used to freeze (Baker 24). The ice cream of this company is differentiated from those of its competitors since the company uses packaging materials that conform to different shapes and

English as a global langurage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English as a global langurage - Essay Example Every country has a first spoken language. There is French for people from France, German for people from Germany and Spanish from people from Spain. Other countries even have dialects as part of their language, like how the Philippines has Filipino as the national language, and dialects specialized in regional locations in the country. For many years, civilization from around the world developed with their own unique languages because throughout history language was equated to geographical territory-land (The Language Situation of Today’s World). Who we are roots from where we come from, and with the cultural richness of our upbringing comes the language we speak. In this sense, it would be very important to value local dialects and languages of all forms because it simple reminds us of how we see and present ourselves to the word (Crystal, 1997). These two language functions of intelligibility and identity presented by David Crystal tell us about the conflict raised in the i nterest we build when it comes to our world languages. In today’s modern age of technological advancement and booming globalization, the English language has entered or even dominated different countries from across the globe. It would be best to discuss the positive and negative effects of its boom to being the world’s global language. ... Having a common language provides a positive avenue for healthy relationships across nations and it even provides employment for a lot of people from different parts of the world. China is known to be one of the biggest and most powerful nations in the world aside from the US and the UK. English is now viewed as â€Å"the gatekeeper† to their higher education, employment, economic prosperity and social status. It has recently faced controversies when it comes to putting English in the pedestal over other local dialects and languages in the country (Qiang and Wolff). Many Chinese dialects has become marginalized, forgotten or totally banished in the country. The Chinese Academy is just one of the many educational institutions that have English as a required course in their curriculum. With this said, when a student fails to reach the standards on English proficiency will fail to receive his diploma as well. It has become a competitive part of the work force wherein despite the minimal chances of using the language in the comfort of the nation’s corporate territory, employees put extra effort in learning the language as it is a pre- condition for promotion. Furthermore, China has made English its unofficial second language. An estimated 150,000 foreign English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers and more than 1,000,000 Chinese English teachers are now educating more than 600,000,000 Chinese students (Qiang and Wolff). With effects to do world’s biggest populated country as proof, English has long secured its status as a global language in the 20th century. All these are under the reason of its strong acting force in facilitating globalization. China only complied with the growing

Conduct an external environment analysis for a company (tesco) of your Essay

Conduct an external environment analysis for a company (tesco) of your choice assessing the impact of the external environment o - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the examination of the potential impact of the external environment on the HR policies of a well-known firm in the British grocery industry: Sainsbury’s. The level at which the recession, and other elements of the firm’s external environment, have affected the organization’s HR policies are critically examined using appropriate literature. It is proved that, despite the market pressures, HR policies in Sainsbury’s have been slightly affected by the firm’s external environment, a fact that has been strongly related with the strategic choices of the organization’s leaders. 2. Sainsbury’s – interaction between the external environment and the firm’s HR policies Like all organizations, Sainsbury’s is also highly affected by its external environment. In fact, it could be stated that the external environment of the organization affects all aspects of the firm’s strategies and operations, i ncluded the HR policies. In order to understand the level at which the external environment can influence Sainsbury’s HR policies, it would be necessary to refer to the organization’s performance, as part of the UK grocery industry. Then, the firm’s HR strategy should be presented and compared with the external environment – which is analyzed using the SWOT analysis – aiming to show the key points of impact of the external environment on the HR policies of the organization. 2.1 Overview of the organization Sainsbury’s is one of the major competitors in the UK grocery industry. The firm’s employees have been estimated to 150,000; the firm was first established in 1869 and has now about 890 stores across Britain (Sainsbury’s, corporate website, 2011). The firm is part of the J Sainsbury plc, which activates in many industries, including the banking sector – through the Sainsbury’s bank (Sainsbury’s, corporate website, 2011). The performance of the firm in 2010 has been increased, achieving a profit of ?21,421m, while in 2009 the firm’s profits were estimated to ?20,383m; the specific fact is quite encouraging, taking into consideration the turbulences in the global market – due to the recession which has not been terminated – but also the strong competition in the British grocery industry. Of course, the level of increase of the firm’s profitability may be reduced compared to the past – see Graph 1, Appendix section where the performance of the firm for the third quarter of the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 is compared; in accordance with the above graph, the growth of sales of the firm in the third quarter of 2009 and 2010 may be reduced – compared to the third quarter of 2008 – but it is standardized at a particular level, at a percentage of 3.6%. 2.2 External environment analysis – SWOT analysis The impact of the external environmen t on the firm’s HR policies requires the presentation of the main elements of this environment; the SWOT analysis can be used for highlighting the key characteristics/ trends of the organization’s external environment and their impact on the firm’s HR policies. In the context of the SWOT analysis, the following elements

Great Depression Impact on US

Great Depression Impact on US This investigation will investigate how the Great Depression affected the United States in their economy during the second half of the 20th century. This investigation will be conducted by first analyzing the involvement of the United States in their economy a decade before the Great Depression in order to provide an understanding of the state of the United States prior to the Great Depression. U.S. involvement in their economy will also be evaluated during the time period of the Great Depression to determine the immediate effects. Finally, the participation of the United States in their economy during the second half of the 20th century will be examined in order to observe the more long-term effects of the Great Depression. These three different time periods will provide an overall understanding of how events transpired and their outcomes. Summary of Evidence U.S. involvement in their economy before the Great Depression (primarily 1920s) Before the Great Depression, the United States was one of the many industrialized countries that followed the gold standard. The gold standard measured the value of a dollar. It enabled countries to conduct trade and exchange their products because everyone followed the same monetary system. In order to sustain the value of a dollar, countries had to follow the same system; however, as the Great Depression neared, countries began to leave the system of the gold standard because of various reasons such as possessing an economy that is unable to keep up with the system. For instance, after the First World War, Germanys economy was no longer able to continue on because of the debt that they owed. In the case of the United States, the Federal Reserve decided to sustain stability internationally rather than focus on the prosperity of their country.  [1]   U.S. involvement in their economy during the Great Depression During the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, there were two large groups who competed with one another in order to control the United States foreign economic policy.  [2]  The Hoover Republicans chose to support manufacturers who made up the relatively smaller and more moderately sized part of the manufacturers in the United States.  [3]  By doing so, they caused the government to neglect the larger manufacturers during the time of the Hoover administration; however, once the Roosevelt administration came into power, there was a change in the tariff policy. In 1934, the Congressed formed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 in accordance to the needs of the Presidents Executive position.  [4]   U.S. involvement in their economy after the Great Depression The United States was having difficulty continuing to follow a monetary policy that followed a gold standard. Eventually, during the early 1970s, the country finally stopped following the gold standard. The United States was increasing their monetary policy at a speed that made them unable to follow the gold standard of the time. Soon, the United States was unable to internationally use gold anymore since they have deterred away from the gold standard. Essentially, abandonment of gold did not lead to expansionary monetary policy and inflation, rather, expansionary policy and inflation forced the abandonment of gold.  [5]   Evaluation of Sources The World Economy between the World Wars written by Charles H. Feinstein, Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo examine the Great Depression in relation to the financial crisis that is experienced by many countries across the world such as Germany, Britain, and the United States. Feinstein, Temin, and Toniolo examine the causes leading up to the Great Depression. They also examine the effects of the Great Depression and the improvement of the economy after it was hit by the Great Depression. The focus of this book is to further understand the interrelated financial issues among several of the worlds leading countries during the 1920s. Federal Reserve System: Background, Analyses and Bibliography by George B. Grey examines the Federal Reserve of the United States. The author focuses primarily of the institution referred to as the Federal Reserve. He breaks down the actions and non-actions of the Federal Reserve System which provides a comprehensive critical analysis on its causes and effects on the United States economy. This is a limitation because other institutions in the United States are not addressed as well. The author inserts many of his opinions and deductions throughout the piece. For example, Essentially, abandonment of gold did not lead to expansionary monetary policy and inflation, rather, expansionary policy and inflation forced the abandonment of gold.  [6]   Analysis U.S. involvement in their economy before the Great Depression (primarily 1920s) The actions of the Federal Reserve resulted in an increase of deflation and decline in the economy. Their actions demonstrate more concern held for upholding international needs before domestic ones. Before the Great Depression, the United States had entered the First World War in April of 1917. They had practiced isolationism until the United States could no longer stand by and watch on the sidelines any longer. This leads to the question of which is more important, supporting the country or supporting the international balance. After being exposed to the international issues that occurred as a result of the First World War, the United States felt as though they should support any international issues from the start of the problem before it escalades and ends up hurting their economy even more. U.S. involvement in their economy during the Great Depression Alterations to the trade policy were made in order to accommodate the executive power since the power of the president was expanding. Since this act was passed during Roosevelts presidency, the president was able to negotiate with other countries in order to reduce tariffs. The changes made from the Hoover Republicans to the Roosevelt Democrats resulted in an inconsistency of the government. During Hoovers time in power, he had allowed Congress to increase the rates of tariffs to points that could be dangerous to the United States. Roosevelt on the other hand had worked alongside with Congress in order to ensure lower tariffs by creating a trade policy that would allow so. By doing so, the barriers set to the United States trade would primarily be decided by the President. Overall, this inconsistency would negatively affect the United States economy because of the constant shift in policies. During this time period, the government actions towards the economy appeared to be indecisive . After the Great Depression hit, it was difficult for the one in presidency to determine the best strategy of recovering the economy. U.S. involvement in their economy after the Great Depression The United States switched their system of currencies since the current one no longer allowed them to conduct effective transactions. Many of the previous standards and systems that the United States had once followed no longer worked for them. The public primarily stopped using gold in 1933 which was about during the time of the Great Depression; however, it was not until 1971 and 1973 that the United States had finally ended any relationship it had with gold for good. A positive aspect of abandoning the gold standard was saving the country from following a system that their current state could no longer follow; however, a negative factor is that it made international business more difficult. This could harm the economy because it limits those that they can conduct business with. People are only able to conduct transactions when they provide the equivalent or sufficient funds which can only be conducted if all parties involved follow an international system of currency. Conclusion In conclusion, the Great Depression negatively affected the United States involvement in their economy. The Great Depression broke the confidence of the American people as well as their leaders. The future of their economy was unclear and shaky strategies were used in order to attempt to recover. After the Great Depression, the United States government sought to remove systems that did not work for them in order to protect the country from any possible complications that could arise in the economy. After the Great Depression, the United States were more careful in what could stay and what had to go. List of Sources Feinstein, C. H., Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo. The World Economy between the World Wars. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Print. Grey, George B. Federal Reserve System: Background, Analyses and Bibliography. Huntington, NY: Nova Science, 2002. Print. Ikenberry, G. John., David A. Lake, and Michael Mastanduno. The State and American Foreign Economic Policy. Pastor, Robert A. Congress and the Politics of U. S. Foreign Economic Policy 1929-1976 McCormick, Thomas J. Americas Half-century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and after.

Grace and The Death Essay -- Literature, James Joyce

The characters of James Joyce’s Dubliners live in a world where they are psychologically stagnant despite the impact of social experiences in their lives. Each character’s development depends on their interactions with others as well as their individual decisions. From childhood to adulthood, the protagonists have encounters with family, friends, or colleagues that result in either negative or positive effects on their growth and awareness of their current state of unhappiness. The addition of relationships, or camaraderie, does not come into full effect until the latter half of the book, where the themes are expressed in darker tones and the writing style become more ambiguous. Joyce lightens the mood of the Dubliners with the portrayal of camaraderie in his final two stories, â€Å"Grace† and â€Å"The Dead† which give a realness and complexity to the problems of Dublin life. In most cases, camaraderie does not adhere well with the characters of the Dubliners because of their innate sense of independence or their distrust of the community. But by distancing themselves from family and friends, they are allowing themselves to suffer alone. Their inability to commit to relationships and to feel genuine compassion for others prevents them from experiencing the full benefit of camaraderie. The contribution of the masculine and family camaraderie renders an ironic, whimsical effect in â€Å"Grace† whereas â€Å"The Dead† ends with a bittersweet consequence for its protagonist. Joyce introduces the motif of the alcoholism throughout the Dubliners, not only as an emphasis on an Irish stereotype but to contribute a cause for an adult Dubliner’s corruption. He satirizes the Irish pub as a sort of assembly hall for this masculine camaraderie, though it ... ...s† that Joyce refers to. The endings of â€Å"Grace† and â€Å"The Dead† resonate intensely with the feelings of the soul by looking past the egotism and prejudice. The indefinite conclusion allows readers to focus on the capability of the protagonist to bring to completion his reformation. Bibliography Book Sources †¢ Joyce, James, Edna O'Brien, and Malachy McCourt. Dubliners. New York: Signet Classics, 2007. Internet Sources †¢ Ames, William. "Interpretation of Grace from Dubliners, by James Joyce." On Grace. The Poet's Forum. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. . †¢ "Penguin.com (usa)." Dubliners. Penguin Group USA. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. . †¢ Williams, Bob. "Dubliners." - by James Joyce. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. .

Why factories are not located in Inner-city areas any more?

During 1951 to 1991 there was an obvious economic decline in industries, which were based in the inner-city areas. Inner-city areas experienced a massive decline in industry during this time. All of the following resulted in the closure of factories, offices and shops: Industries were expanding at such a rate that they were taking up all the room in the inner-city areas. As we already know there is limited room in the inner city, and it would have been impossibility for the industries to expand any more. If they did expand, it would mean that they were expanding into residential areas, which is another impossibility. Once the factories had reached their full capacity in the areas they were situated, they were forced to move. This is a lack of expansion space. Buildings/factories often became out of date. New technologies had been introduced into the industries, and the basically the old factories were unsuited to the modern techniques. Often the buildings became derelict, and too bad to repair. The new factories were bigger and better, and could not expand in the inner city therefore they moved into the suburban areas. As the new companies looked for places to expand into, they tended to avoid the inner city. The infrastructure was poor. The roads were too small to accommodate all the large vehicles. People living in the inner city tend to park their cars on the side of the road therefore causing a blockage, or narrow roads. As the factories closed and moved, so did the majority of the population. As a result shops and restaurants suffered, and struggle to find business.

Learn About the Sahara Desert

Learn About the Sahara Desert The Sahara Desert is located in the northern portion of Africa and covers over 3,500,000 square miles (9,000,000 sq km) or roughly 10% of the continent. It is bounded in the east by the Red Sea and it stretches west to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north, the Sahara Deserts northern boundary is the Mediterranean Sea, while in the south it ends at the Sahel, an area where the desert landscape transforms into a semi-arid tropical savanna. Since the Sahara Desert makes up nearly 10% of the African continent, the Sahara is often cited as the worlds largest desert. This is not entirely true, however, as it is only the worlds largest hot desert. Based on the definition of a desert as an area receiving less than 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation per year, the worlds largest desert is actually the continent of Antarctica. Geography of the Sahara Desert Stocktrek Images / Getty Images The Sahara covers parts of several African nations including Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, and Tunisia. Most of the Sahara Desert is undeveloped and features a varied topography. Most of its landscape has been shaped over time by wind and includes sand dunes, sand seas called ergs, barren stone plateaus, gravel plains, dry valleys, and salt flats. Around 25% of the desert is sand dunes, some of which reach over 500 ft (152 m) in height. There are also several mountain ranges within the Sahara and many are volcanic. The highest peak found in these mountains is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano that rises to 11,204 ft (3,415 m). It is a part of the Tibesti Range in northern Chad. The lowest point in the Sahara Desert is in Egypts Qattara Depression at -436 ft (-133 m) below sea level. Most of the water found in the Sahara today is in the form of seasonal or intermittent streams. The only permanent river in the desert is the Nile River that flows from Central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Other water in the Sahara is found in underground aquifers  and in areas where this water reaches the surface, there are oases and sometimes small towns or settlements like the Bahariya Oasis in Egypt and Ghardaà ¯a in Algeria. Since the amount of water and topography varies based on location, the Sahara Desert is divided into different geographic zones. The center of the desert is considered hyper-arid and has little to no vegetation, while the northern and southern portions have sparse grasslands, desert shrub and sometimes trees in areas with more moisture. Climate of the Sahara Desert Samere Fahim Photography / Getty Images Although hot and extremely dry today, it is believed that the Sahara Desert has undergone various climatic shifts for the last few hundred thousand years. For example, during the last glaciation, it was bigger than it is today because precipitation in the area was low. But from 8000 BCE to 6000 BCE, precipitation in the desert increased because of the development of low pressure over ice sheets to its north. Once these ice sheets melted, however, the low pressure shifted and the northern Sahara dried out but the south continued to receive moisture due to the presence of a monsoon. Around 3400 BCE, the monsoon moved south to where it is today and the desert again dried out to the state it is in today. In addition, the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, ITCZ, in the southern Sahara Desert prevents moisture from reaching the area, while storms north of the desert stop before reaching it as well. As a result, the annual rainfall in the Sahara is below 2.5 cm (25 mm) per year. In addition to being extremely dry, the Sahara is also one of the hottest regions in the world. The average annual temperature for the desert is 86 °F (30 °C) but during the hottest months temperatures can exceed 122 °F (50 °C), with the highest temperature ever recorded at 136 °F (58 °C) in Aziziyah, Libya. Plants and Animals of the Sahara Desert kristianbell / Getty Images Due to the high temperatures and arid conditions of the Sahara Desert, the plant life in the Sahara Desert is sparse and includes only around 500 species. These consist mainly of drought and heat resistant varieties and those adapted to salty conditions (halophytes) where there is sufficient moisture. The harsh conditions found in the Sahara Desert have also played a role in the presence of animal life in the Sahara Desert. In the central and driest part of the desert, there are around 70 different animal species, 20 of which are large mammals like the spotted hyena. Other mammals include the gerbil, sand fox,  and Cape hare. Reptiles like the sand viper and the monitor lizard are present in the Sahara as well. People of the Sahara Desert Zine Elabidine Laghfiri / EyeEm / Getty Images It is believed that people have inhabited the Sahara Desert since 6000 BCE and earlier. Since then, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks,  and Europeans have been among the peoples in the area. Today the Saharas population is around 4 million with the majority of the people living in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, and Western Sahara. Most of the people living in the Sahara today do not live in cities; instead, they are nomads who move from region to region throughout the desert. Because of this, there are many different nationalities and languages in the region but Arabic is most widely spoken. For those who do live in cities or villages on fertile oases, crops and the mining of minerals like iron ore (in Algeria and Mauritania) and copper (in Mauritania) are important industries that have allowed population centers to grow.

Finding Conditions for Factor Returns and Scale Returns

Finding Conditions for Factor Returns and Scale Returns A factor return is the return attributable to a particular common factor, or an element that influences many assets which can include factors like market capitalization, dividend yield, and risk indices, to name a few. Returns to scale, on the other hand, refer to what happens as the scale of production increases over the long term as all inputs are variable. In other words, scale returns represent the change in output from a proportionate increase in all inputs. To put these concepts into play, lets take a look at a production function with a factor returns and scale returns practice problem. Factor Returns and Returns to Scale Economics Practice Problem Consider the production function Q KaLb. As an economics student, you may be asked to find conditions on a and b such that the production function exhibits decreasing returns to each factor, but increasing returns to scale. Lets look at how you might approach this. Recall that in the article Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Returns to Scale that we can easily answer these factor returns and scale returns questions by simply doubling the necessary factors and doing some simple substitutions. Increasing Returns to Scale Increasing returns to scale would be when we double all factors and production more than doubles. In our example we have two factors K and L, so well double K and L and see what happens: Q KaLb Now lets double all our factors, and call this new production function Q Q (2K)a(2L)b Rearranging leads to: Q 2abKaLb Now we can substitute back in our original production function, Q: Q 2abQ To get Q 2Q, we need 2(ab) 2. This occurs when a b 1. As long as ab 1, we will have increasing returns to scale. Decreasing Returns to Each Factor But per our practice problem, we also need decreasing returns to scale in each factor. Decreasing returns for each factor occurs when we double only one factor, and the output less than doubles. Lets try it first for K using the original production function: Q KaLb Now lets double K, and call this new production function Q Q (2K)aLb Rearranging leads to: Q 2aKaLb Now we can substitute back in our original production function, Q: Q 2aQ To get 2Q Q (since we want decreasing returns for this factor), we need 2 2a. This occurs when 1 a. The math is similar for factor L when considering the original production function: Q KaLb Now lets double L, and call this new production function Q Q Ka(2L)b Rearranging leads to: Q 2bKaLb Now we can substitute back in our original production function, Q: Q 2bQ To get 2Q Q (since we want decreasing returns for this factor), we need 2 2a. This occurs when 1 b. Conclusions and Answer So there are your conditions. You need ab 1, 1 a, and 1 b in order to exhibit decreasing returns to each factor of the function, but increasing returns to scale. By doubling factors, we can easily create conditions where we have increasing returns to scale overall, but decreasing returns to scale in each factor. More Practice Problems for Econ Students: Elasticity of Demand Practice ProblemAggregate Demand Aggregate Supply Practice Problem

BP Russian Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BP Russian Analysis - Case Study Example While partnerships are vital for the success of an organization, they may become sources of business failure if their construction is not efficient. BP Russia is one of the companies that have engaged in partnerships that have undermined its potential to grow and take advantage of the market. An analysis of BP Russia will reveal the various aspects of partnerships that determine its failure or success and the way organizations can benefit from such business partnerships. BP proposed an alliance with Rosneft as part of the organization commitment to take advantage of mergers to increase organization productivity. The proposed partnership between BP and Rosneft would have numerous benefits if successful. The main aim of the strategic alliance was to use a collaborative approach on the development of oil reserves of the Kara Sea in the Russian Arctic (University of Virginia 6). The first benefit of the alliance is that the two would have a greater financial worth, which would help to explore the Kara Sea in a more profitable manner. Since the exploration of oil and development of oil reserves is a costly operation, it is difficult for any organization to go it alone without a partnership. On this note, the alliance would allow BP to take advantage of the oil reserves, develop them and hence increase productivity, which means higher profits for both organizations. Secondly, BP had a long-term plan in the terms of the partnership. The terms of the strate gic alliance was that BP secure 9.5% of Rosneft bringing its total share of Rosneft at 10.8%. This share swap condition would have a long-term benefit for BP Russia. Increasing its share value in Rosneft would be an increase in its share value. On this note, it is possible to term the strategic alliance as a worthwhile development strategy for BP Russia. On the other hand, managers must be aware that there are always implications for success or failure of a partnership. The success of the BP-Rosneft alliance would

Investigate an artists design principles,technique and media -antonio Essay

Investigate an artists design principles,technique and media -antonio canova - Essay Example During his life, Canova gained the reputation of one of the most significant sculptors of his time. His contemporaries did not regret strong epithets to describe their admiration of Canova’s talent. They compared him with the best sculptors of antiquity. Antonio Canova had accomplished a large number of great works and masterpieces of world’s sculpture during his life. His art work can be divided into two different periods that refer to the different art styles. He began to sculpt within the popular tradition of baroque; however, after starting to learn ancient art and sculpture, he refused the baroque style, and began to follow the classical ancient restraint. In this respect, the current paper will contrast Canova’s earlier works of baroque style and later sculptures of classical style. To comprehend the idea of the difference in works of both periods, it is also worth giving a short overview of the baroque and classicist traditions that Canova belonged to. Bar oque sculpture is a style in sculpture characterized by the exaggerated theatricality of the images, dynamic poses, expressive gestures and specific extravagance. The style was formed in the 17th and in the first half of the 18th century, as one of the components of the Baroque culture. The expression of the sculpture developed by the baroque tradition reached the unprecedented level. The element of theatricality was actively implemented by the sculptors. The first innovation introduced by the Baroque sculpture was the interest in the dramatic complexity and diversity of the world. The main attention was paid to the dynamism of the ensemble through the embodiment of scenes depicting the certain moment of the certain action. The sculptors sought to include the audience in the space of sculpture and to intensify the entertainment of the scene. A typical feature of the Baroque sculpture is sharp need for the medium and active interaction with it: water, light, and air. Baroque sculptur es need architectural or landscape frame; therefore, the impression of them can usually be lost in the museum environment. In the Renaissance the painting tended to sculptural principles, but in the era of Baroque sculpture tended to the principles of painting. The masters were proud of their ability to assimilate sculpture to painting. This effect was reached with the help of patches of reflected light, playing on the surface of the sculpture. Sculptor’s ideas were intended to perceive the most delicate transitions of light and shadow on the depicted human body. All in all, the space around the figure played a very important role in the art of the Baroque2. According to all these principles, Canova made his first sculptures. The brightest examples of his works made in the Baroque style were the sculpture groups Orpheus and Eurydice (1776) and Daedalus and Icarus (1779). The statue group Orpheus and Eurydice (1776) tells the story of Orpheus, who, after the death of his wife Eurydice, went down into the underworld of the dead. There, with his playing and singing, he touched the goddess Persephone so much that she gave him his wife back. For that Orpheus had to meet one condition not to turn around to look on his wife Eurydice until they come out of the realm of the dead. Orpheus could not resist, he looked back and forever lost his wife. Sculptor managed to convey complex bending shapes in the significant turn and the horror written on the face of Orpheus, who saw that his wife disappeared in the realm of shadows. In 1779 Canova