The On The Pro Ana Website - 940 Words

he first issue that troubled me on the pro-ana website, â€Å" http://thinintentionsforever.blogspot.com/p/pro-ana-tips.html† is the suggestion to use a rubber band to inflict pain when thoughts of food arise, therefore equating food with pain (Thin Intentions Pro Ana Tips 2013). This is disturbing not only in the obvious self-inflicted abuse but in placing the focus on a symptomatic response to deeper psychological issues. Furthermore, the suggestion to isolate oneself and disassociate socially to accommodate destructive behavior is also quite appalling given that it would impede the formation of a natural support system to encourage healthy behavioral changes. Instructions in meal schedules and dining practices are possibly less offensive but still unsound in reasoning; while I tend to support the idea of not eating in secrecy to avoid unhealthy food choices and bingeing, the ulterior motive of exhibitionist dining, I cannot abide. Combining the two mentions of using  "thinspo† pictures both to inspire and measure one’s progress toward destruction is a final contention with the â€Å"thinintentionsforever.blogspot.com† website’s content I will address. Holding oneself to comparative standards could lead to feelings of inadequacy and discontent, and in the case of â€Å"thinspo† standards an element of dysfunction and health risks are added. While I would have difficulty restricting the legal activity of adults on the internet regardless of any given activity’s perceived socialShow MoreRelatedGetting Thinspired: The Danger of Pro-Ana Websites952 Words   |  4 Pagesarray of pro-anorexic websites; these sites provide images and advice for those desiring to get thin quickly, resulting in healthy young girls developing life-threatening eating disorders. Pro-ana websites wage war on the developing minds of young girls. These dangerous resources support young girls in their quest for weight loss, though it is not in a positive way. Photos and forums located on these websites suggest unhealthy methods in which to achieve thinness. Pro-ana websites provide anRead MorePro Ana Websites Encourage Harmful Behavior1273 Words   |  6 PagesWomen and girls who are anorexic use pro-anorexia, or â€Å"pro-Ana,† blogs and websites to look for tips and inspiration for their lifestyle. The pro-Ana blogs have tips for women who are looking for ways to lose weight, stay skinny, and trick their doctors, friends, and family. Some suggestions are promoting starvation and the misuse of laxatives. Though the websites are not recruiting people, they do reinforce anorexic behavior and praise the disorder. The websites are primarily for those who have alreadyRead More Pro-Ana Websites - Online Communities for Anorexics Essay2044 Words   |  9 PagesPro-Ana Websites - Online Communities for Anorexics â€Å"Say it now and say it loud: Im anorexic and Im proud.† This is a rallying cry that some women suffering from anorexia, otherwise known as â€Å"pro-anas,† post to one another over the Internet. Pro-Ana, meaning pro-anorexia, is an Internet community of anorexics who have no desire to recover; rather they want to live their lives being â€Å"the best anorexic they can be.† Pro-ana websites are rapidly evolving to promote eating disorders as a lifestyleRead MoreEssay about Pro-Anorexia Websites1686 Words   |  7 PagesPro-Anorexia Websites Cyberspace, something that was once considered a fad, has developed into a tool that allows people struggling with anorexia to potentially find a sanctuary from the regulatory systems in popular culture that are applied to women’s bodies. Cyberspace provides an alternative space for women with eating disorders or body issues. The space created by cyberspace is potentially safer for women to meet because it allows anonymity while simultaneously being partRead MoreRestricting Pro-ana Blogs1284 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as ‘pro-ana’ or ‘pro-anorexia’. For years ‘pro-ana’ blogs have floated around the inter webs without rules and regulations. Many youths go to websites such as Tumblr and they spend hours looking at images of skinny models and anorexic ‘Tumblr girls’. In this way they themselves begin to lower their own self-esteem and in turn begin living the ‘pro-ana lifestyle’ which includes extreme food restrictions, insane workouts, and punishments if they intake too many calories. The idea of ‘pro ana’ is badRead MoreEssay on A Deadly Disorder982 Words   |  4 Pageseating disorders were argued. In A Secret Society of the Starving Udovitch keeps a tone of anti pro-ana (against pro-anorexia) throughout the entire story. She repeatedly talks about pro-ana websites and how ridiculous and crazy they are. Udovitch is very persuasive with her choices of words and personal interviews. According to Galynker, Udovitch has a â€Å"dispassionate description of the girls and the â€Å"pro-ana† Web sites.† (Galynker 564) While Udovitch takes a reporter’s view upon the subject, GalynkerRead MoreEating Disorders are a Mental Illness1431 Words   |  6 Pagespressured Web sites is dangerous (Silverthorne 46).   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Pro Ana† websites are a major cause of eating disorders and the jealousy of thin girls. When social media and the internet became a big thing, all different online weight groups began to develop.   Some of these groups became known as Pro-Ana, Pro-Mia and Pro-ED, which are short for Pro-Anorexia, Pro-Bulimia and Pro-Eating Disorders (Wanchisn 1).   These terms are used to describe online websites where eating disorder behaviors and attitudes are encouragedRead MoreThe Thin Commandments: A Guide to Anorexia Nervosa1879 Words   |  8 Pageswhat makes pro-ana (pro-anorexia) websites dangerous to victims of eating disorder, regardless of whether or not they have been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or are recovering from the illness? Methodology: To investigate this question, I am using one pro-ana blog that is created by a blogger, Mary Jane, who claims that she is an anorexic and a bulimic. Mary Jane’s blog, titled The New Pro Ana Mia Nation, can be found on http://thenewpronation.blogspot.ca. Like many other pro-ana blogs thatRead MoreDo Girls Really Need A Perfect?1247 Words   |  5 Pagesstudents reach high school, one out of ten have developed an eating disorder.† I found on a site called, â€Å"Dying to be Barbie.† Society’s idea of skinny today is ridiculous. No girl can live up to these standards, they’re impossible. All of these â€Å"pro Ana† websites are giving ideas for young girls that starving themselves is the way to lose weight and keep it off. Being fit, being in shape, being skinny, that’s what everyone wants to be right? But are you truly willing to risk your health and possibly loseRead MoreResponsibility of the Fashion Model Industry1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthose models are either naturally slim or they are suffering from an eating disorder themselves, in other words, hostages in the dark hell hid behind those runway curtains. The growing number of young anorexia and bulimia patients, and the number of websites such as thinspiration, where girls put up pictures of their thin bodies clearly suggest that the fashion modeling industry do not at all bear any responsibility in providing healthy, realistic physical role models for young women. According

The Impact Of Cultural Differences On Project Management...

Executive Summary The focus of this research paper is to demonstrate the need for project management, identify the current and future trends within project management around the world, and discuss the effects of cultural differences on project management. Project management was first used in civil engineering and architecture projects but it soon spread to other industries such as the automobile and communication industries. After technological advancements, such as improvements in computer mainframes and softwares, project management softwares emerged to help manage complex projects. These programs along with locating and retaining the right type of talent within an organization becomes a crucial part of an organization’s structure and ultimately their success. Organizations must be able to assign the right people, with the right technical and soft skills, to the right project. Certification programs and in-house trainings are now available to help improve project managers’ technical sk ills, communication skills, and other soft skills needed to be effective/successful. There has also been an increased interest within organizations to reach a higher level of project management maturity. As businesses continue to expand and new opportunities in the market trigger the emerging of new companies, there is an increasing demand for project managers nationally and globally. Project management roles are expected to increase up to 28.1 million between 2010 and 2020. UtilizingShow MoreRelatedThe Construction Industry599 Words   |  3 PagesEgan (1998), major studies are carried out in different procurement routes, management system and technique and construction method. Beyond these, it has been suggested, that ‘softer’ factors such as organisational culture also have a significant impact on performance (Nicolini, 2002). The concept of organisation culture is a popular part of general management since early 1980s. But in construction industry with its proje ct based environment, innovative procurement and business practices such as partneringRead MoreThe Leadership Skills And Behaviours For Successful Implementation Of Human Resource Management Plan1737 Words   |  7 Pages1. INTRODUCTION This essay aims to discuss and evaluate the leadership skills behaviours for successful implementation of human resource management plan in a special case study of Offshore Gas Project (CSOGP). Identification of Leadership behaviours categories that are relevant and meaningful for all leaders is subject to controversy. For this essay discussion three main leadership categories have been considered as follows : 1) Task Oriented Leadership (TOL) which is a behaviour that organizesRead MoreExternal and Internal Factors1248 Words   |  5 Pagesand Internal Factors Management is the process of working with people and resources to accomplish organizational goals (Bateman-Schnell, 2003, p. 14). The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Internal and external factors such as rapid change, technology, and diversity impact the four functions of management. This paper will focus on these three factors and their impact on Verizon. The successful application of the four management functions when dealingRead MoreCritical Review of Globe Framework for Assessing National Cultures1620 Words   |  7 Pagescritical review of Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W., Sully de luque, M., House, R.J., (2006). ‘IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER: Cross Cultural Lessons in Leadership from Project GLOBE.’ Academic of Management perspectives, February, pp 67-90 Introduction Global leadership have been seen as a way forward for multi-national organisations, however, the information gathered about different cultural context of countries has been helpful, even it has not been practically and theoretically use to lead in an overseas.Read MoreSurvivor Term Paper800 Words   |  4 Pagesof Forrester Research breaks down IT risks into implementation and impact considerations. Why do you think these are so difficult to manage? What makes IT investments different from investments in other areas of a company?    I would say Implementation and impact are so difficult to manage in the sense that these involve not only new and untested technologies but also both cultural and personal challenges. I think the difference between IT investment and investments in other areas of a companyRead MoreEssay about Project Planning and Control Methods1441 Words   |  6 PagesProject Planning and Control Methods Project planning and control methods came to be in the 1980s with the introduction of microcomputer software. In the 1990s project management was accepted into the mainstream business as a means for developing new products and services. In the 20th century project management appears to be the solution to many of the challenges confronting global business enterprises (Gray, C. Larson, E., 2003). 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The first thing to consider when selectingRead MoreWork Style Survey On Decision Making Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesus the overview of the company and types of project you were involved in 2) What was your role in the projects? 3) How long have you been working in this position? 4) How many important decisions have you made? 5) How important was the decision affect on the company? 6) How many different decisions have you came up with? 7) Have you studied or worked overseas? How long? Part 2: Cultural Aspects on Decision Making 1) Please pick one of the projects you were involved in and based on your nationalRead MoreThe Classical View Of Project Management1411 Words   |  6 Pagesthe global economy. The increasingly important role of project management in projects should not be neglected. According to the website of the Project Management Institute (2016), in order to meet a projects’ demands, the utilization of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques in project activities are what combine to form a perception of project management. It is obvious that the contribution of the classical view of project management in project activities cannot be ignored, however, it is criticalRead MorePlan for Managing an International Team1135 Words   |  5 Pagesoptimized. In addition, this management plan is designed to ensure that travel expenses and travel time is reduced to the minimum necessary for effective productivity. Further, the philosophy of the company has always been that a diverse team permits a d eeper range of professional experience and knowledge than a homogeneous team. A typical hierarchical arrangement will not meet the needs of the virtual teams, and a primary goal of mine is to ensure that the management structure is as facile as necessary

Apparent Benefits Of Digital Mammography Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

DM separates the procedures of image acquisition, processing and show more than is possible with FM. In FM, the x-ray beginning is turned on, energy is converted from the x-ray beam ( which has radiated through the tight chest ) into light via a phosphor screen, which so exposes a difficult transcript movie, held within the screen ( Carlton A ; Adler, 2006 ) . The movie is processed chemically and an image is developed. We will write a custom essay sample on Apparent Benefits Of Digital Mammography Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Digital Mammography includes either computed skiagraphy ( CR ) or digital skiagraphy ( DR ) . CR uses really similar equipment to mammography undertaken through conventional skiagraphy and involves a photostimulable phosphor home base cassette-based digital skiagraphy system, in which imagination home bases are run through a computing machine scanner that reads and digitalises the image ( Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . All other signifiers of digital mammography are called DR, where digital x-ray detectors are used alternatively of traditional photographic movie. Both DR and CR are frequently used in a diagnostic scene, while DR is peculiarly suited to a showing scene ( Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . A screening mammogram is performed routinely and harmonizing to BreastScreen Australia, adult females over 50 old ages old require one every two old ages. Unlike movie, the electric signal ( DM produces when the x-ray photons hit the digital sensor ) is linearly relative to the strength of the x-ray resulting in a wider dynamic scope for digital images ( 1000:1 ) than for movies ( 40:1 ) ( Dershaw, D. 2006 ) . This equates to a higher contrast declaration, which is peculiarly of import in imaging younger adult females who normally have heavy chests. However, another factor in image quality, spacial declaration, is superior in FM. Because spacial declaration depends on pixel size in DM and on the size of the grains in the emulsion on the screen in FM, spacial declaration is better enhanced in movie ( Dershaw, D. 2006 ) . Spatial declaration is of import in naming calcifications and other little characteristics in the image. Despite DM ‘s huge post-processing abilities, FM has a greater truth of structural lines recorded, or spacial declaration, of an image. Could the deficiency in the spacial frequence in DM be justified by the ad vanced contrast declaration? Both ( Kim, et al. , 2006 ) and Dershaw, D, ( 2006 ) found several surveies which show that despite the restricting lower spacial declaration of DM, visibleness of calcifications on DM is non significantly different from that on FM. In add-on, both Pisano, Gatsonis, A ; Hendrick, ( 2005 ) and Skaane, et al. , ( 2008 ) province DM ‘s far superior contrast declaration ( when comparing to FM ) is various in that during the processing of DM, contrast can be enhanced in the countries that are heavy. In April 2004, Melbourne ‘s Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre became the first Australian site to offer digital mammography ( DM ) ( Pun, Lau, Cassumbhoy, Taranto, A ; Pitman, 2007 ) . The figure of Digital Mammography units bought throughout Australia is rapidly increasing and the conventional film-screen methods of mammography are going out dated. However, the axial rotation out of digital mammography was at hand due to marketing techniques by industries ( Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . Both Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) and BreastScreen ( 2008 ) outline the considerable figure of mammograms taken each twelvemonth. Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) describes the figure to be every bit high as 1.5 million mammography scrutinies undertaken each twelvemonth through both showing and diagnosing. BreastScreen Victoria is portion of the free national chest malignant neoplastic disease testing plan for adult females, known as BreastScreen Australia. The Victorian plan was est ablished in 1992 and is jointly funded by the Victorian and Commonwealth Governments ( BreastScreen, 2008 ) . The plan services adult females under the age of 50 and offers a free mammogram every two old ages to test for chest malignant neoplastic disease. The Government has been funding the digital ascent of BreastScreen Australia from 2006 and has already financed $ 120 million towards the national promotion ( Ageing, 2010 ) . However, Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2005 ) discusses, utilizing informations from The Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trail ( DMIST ) , the fact that for adult females over 50 old ages old, there was no important difference in diagnostic truth between DM and FM. There is much literature sing the effectivity of testing through DM in older adult females. As mentioned antecedently, BreastScreen testing is applicable for adult females over the age of 50, even though Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2005 ) found there was no important difference between DM and FM in adult females over 50 old ages old. Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) discovered there were advantages of utilizing FM over DM in ages over 50 old ages old because of the chest composing. It is interesting to farther note in a more recent article by Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2008 ) , the writer agrees that in older adult females ‘film tended to execute better for adult females aged 65 old ages or older with fatty chests. ‘ Karssemeijer, et al. , ( 2009 ) describes the aged chest as been less-dense and besides agreed on FM to be the superior unit for chest malignant neoplastic disease testing in ages over 65. Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) steadfastly established ‘for adult fema les aged 65 old ages or older, it seemed improbable that DM testing offered a mensurable wellness benefit ‘ . Karssemeijer, et al. , ( 2009 ) includes presently 48 per cent of chest malignant neoplastic diseases occur in adult females over 65 old ages old therefore it is of import the age group is imaged right. Both Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) and Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) argue that relative to FM, testing for chest malignant neoplastic disease utilizing DM is non cost-efficient due to the inferior quality of imaging less-dense chests over the age of 65. Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) conducted an Australian reappraisal that examined the economic value of DM in testing through BreastScreen Australia. Harmonizing to Siemens monetary value scopes for 2010, A new MammoMat DR mammography unit will be up to AU $ 414 000, ( HCN, 2009 ) . A FM unit costs around $ 80 000, ( Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . Extra costs for both FM and DM include a movie processor and roller viewing audiences ( FM ) and pressmans, proctors and a image file awaying and communicating system ( PACS ) equipment ( DM ) , observing that PACS can be of to $ 800 000 to set-up, ( Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) calculated the costs of each DM and FM scrutiny: DM ( DR ) b eing $ 110.36 per patient and FM $ 73.95 per patient. Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) explains that larger sections can afford the passage: ‘larger chest malignant neoplastic disease testing services may be better able to absorb the fiscal impact of presenting DM than little Centres. ‘ Further guess has surfaced sing the scrutiny times in the transition from film-screen to digital mammography signifiers. Not merely is the cost exacerbated but articles have besides been written claiming that many Radiologists might take longer to set to the alteration in engineering, when comparing the passage to digital general X ray ( Grady, 2008 ) . An writer, Denise Grady reported an addition in recall rates among adult females, who ‘were finally found to hold nil incorrect. ‘ She claims the job is that radiotherapists, seting from one medium to another and frequently holding to compare consequences between the two, may construe images more cautiously and ‘play it safe ‘ by bespeaking extra X raies, ultrasounds, or biopsies ( Grady, 2008 ) . This passage from FM to DM is besides outlined by the mean times taken reading the mammogram: 5 proceedingss DM verses 3 proceedingss FM for testing times and 24 proceedingss DM verses 15 proceedingss FM ( Wang, Merli n, A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . Haygood, Wang, Lane, Galvan, A ; Atkinson, ( 2010 ) besides agree in the drawn-out use of DM. The article, comparing DM with FM, found DM six-view images ( three projections of each chest ) could take more than seven times longer than FM images to convey the images up in fit-in show manner, pan through them and set alternator panels and visible radiations. However, Thompson, D, ( 2006 ) justifies the drawn-out passage because of the digital use of the image, declaring that on the whole DM promises to better diagnosings and lead to earlier intervention of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Existing literature to place current position Existing Australian literature on the cost-effectiveness of exchanging from FM to DM is limited because the first Australian site has merely been unfastened for six old ages. American research is taking the manner in respects to the advantages and restrictions of DM. This is most likely because of the October 2008 figure of 43 per cent American mammography clinics holding at least one DM machine ( Haygood, Wang, Lane, Galvan, A ; Atkinson, 2010 ) . Many articles have been written in the USA detailing the evident advantages of DM: immediate digital-image acquisition, superior contrast sweetening, storage and retrieval capacity, displayable in multiple formats, real-time reading of mammograms at distant sites, tele-radiology and computer-aided sensing equipment is going more available. Regardless of the legion benefits of DM, American articles have besides argued the cost of DM testing including surveies by Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) and Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2008 ) . Back in Aust ralia, mammography demands for showing intents differ somewhat to those in America, due to BreastScreen Australia being to the full funded by the Australian Government. Therefore, farther research must be undertaken refering the cost-effectiveness of transforming BreastScreen Australia ‘s mammography units into DM. And computations of the per centum of adult females over 65 who presently use BreastScreen Australia ‘s services must be found to further analyze the economic value of DM in BreastScreen Australia testing Centres. Proposed Research Study ( Semester Two ) Restrictions to the passage from DM to FM must be acknowledged. An obvious limitation is that FM is no longer being researched or advanced by makers and is bit by bit going disused. This is why my research undertaking in semester two will concentrate on farther researching the disadvantages of DM within the age group of over 65, to find why DM is n’t suited to this age group and to better DM ‘s capablenesss to include all age-groups. This research needs to be undertaken before FM ( the gold criterion in mammography for over 65 twelvemonth olds ) becomes superseded. Decision With DM endangering to to the full replace FM, farther research has to be performed to cut down the disadvantages of DM including: lower degree of spacial declaration, inferior ability in imaging less-dense chests and economical value. Currently, considerable grounds opposing the usage of DM over FM showing of adult females over 65 old ages old is outlined by the writers: Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) , Karssemeijer, et al. , ( 2009 ) , Wang, Merlin, A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) , and Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2008 ) . Extra research must be conducted in countries of bettering DM in adult females aged over 65 old ages old in order to specify DM as the gilded criterion in chest showing. Word count: 1957 How to cite Apparent Benefits Of Digital Mammography Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Organizational Behaviour for Psychological - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behaviour for Nature orPsychological. Answer: Leadership is the ability of someone to lead an organization or a group of people. Trait theory of leadership deals with substantial, social, nature or psychological to compare between directors and non-leaders (Dinh, Lord, Gardner Meuser, 2014.). A behavioral theory of leadership explains that some specific behaviors are used to differentiate leaders and non-leaders (Coleman, 2003). This theory tries to explain that traits and behaviors a leader has been developed and taught and also leaders can be trained. Trait theory assumes that leadership qualities are born with, unlike behavior theory which assumes that these characters are formed and educated. Trait theory selects leaders while behavior theory develops leaders. The behavior theory focuses most on actions of leaders while the trait theory focuses on mental qualities of the leader. A workplace is the only place to create new and develop exceptional leaders who can meet the challenges involved in that place of work. Companies mostly view their managers at all stages to provide some degree of a leadership role. A good example organizations use is, effective communication. A leader with excellent communication skills can listen as instructed. Good leaders should be understanding, deciphering and also able to relate the company's vision back to their workers to maintain productivity. Week 11 activity (Organizational change) Innovation is extensively regarded as the most important ingredient in the economy of today. Sustaining innovations have improved almost all existing products. It not only creates value market or new value market but also develops the existing ones with superior value. Sustaining innovations lowers cost, improves incremental changes and also improves performance. A good example of sustaining innovation is when Apple introduced its multiple consumer desktop models. Also, Toyota Prius model car which keeps getting slightly with every iteration. Disruptive innovations assist in developing a new market and value structure. It is more of a useful concept because fewer technologies are substantially disruptive (Hwang Christensen., 2008). A good example of disruptive innovation is when Apple company introduced the iPod technology. This made the downloading of digital music an easy task compared to before. Also, Amazon disarrayed the old bookstores when it was introduced. This allowed people to order and buy books online with delivery on your doorstep. From the examples illustrated above it shows that disruptive innovations have significantly assisted in modern day to day activities. Week 12 activity (Cultures) Organizational behavior is how people communicate within a group or an organization. It helps develop a career as the leader within an organization (Hersey Blanchard, 1993). They include conflict management, human resource management practices, leadership styles and group behaviors. These organizational behaviors are culturally relative. The leadership style of a leader in an organization significantly affects his/her relationship with the employees in that organization. A good leader will listen and try to help to solve his/her employees' problems. How a leader manages conflict among his/her workers' is a major factor. A good leader should first listen to both parties involved in the conflict before coming up with the judgment. The judgment should be free and not favor any party. Motivating the workers, significantly improves the interaction of employees with their employer. A leader can motivate an employee by assisting him/her grow a particular talent. The employer should be able to notice an employee's talent at an early stage. After maybe a successful project or when a client is satisfied with the work done, the employer should organize an outdoor activity to make the employees feel motivated and eager to work more on a new project. Week 5 activity (Perception) Recently I watched a movie by the name Hitman's Bodyguard.' This is an action-packed and a hilarious film directed by Patrick Hughes. It is about a bodyguard who gets a new client, a hit man, who must fight against a corrupt leader at the ICC against an evil, corrupt leader. My friend, Jeremy, too watched the movie but he gave it a low rate compared to mine. Comparing Jeremy's age to mine, who is older than me, I think he gave the movie a low rate because the actors used a lot abusive language. He suggested that the film could not be watched by children under the age of 18 years. The movie is a bit educative actually because it tries to explain that no one is above the law and that's why one of the characters is testifying against a top government official thus allowing me to give it a higher rate than Jeremy's. The movie had a lot of action which is my greatest interest in the movie. The characters have to fight enemies who are trying to stop them from testifying in the court. From these above factors, I highly rated the movie compared to Jeremy. Week 6 activity (Motivation) Over 2,300 companies took part in the annual leading work places in Europe. From data collected from the many employees in the organization, a list of the leading work places was made. From data collected, it is seen that most teams that took part, they had better high-trust workplace and also used talent retention to motivate employees (Cogner Benjamin,1999). The teams are trying to grow the employees' talent and, this has motivated the workers in those organizations. A conducive environment to work in was among the factors used to help with the ranking. A quiet and peaceful significantly affected the workers. Most workers claimed that they were able to work on their maximum when the workplace was quiet and away from home where there were always getting affected by family problems. Good communication between the employers and employees was a major factor considered. If the manager was in good terms with his/her employees, then this motivated the employees to work to their fullest. If the manager had better interpersonal skills, he would be able to understand and help solve their employees' problems. If organizations had these characters, the workers became motivated and were encouraged to work and also be productive. References Johnson, B., Eagly, A., 1990. Psychological Bulletin, [Online] (Updated 4 Feb 2013) https://www.psycnet.apa.org (Accessed 22 Sep 2017) Dinh, J., Lord, R., Gardner, W., Meuser, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 36-62 Coleman, M., 2003. Theories of leadership. Leadership and strategic management in South African schools, pp. 155-172 Hwang, J., Christensen, C. M., 2008. Disruptive Innovation in health care delivery: a framework for business-model innovation. Health Affairs, 27(5), pp. 1329-1335 Hersey, P. Blanchard, K.H., 1993. Management of organizational behaviour: Utilizing human resources. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Rifkin, J., 1996. End of work, pp. 141-157, Pacifica Radio Archives Cogner, J.A. Benjamin, B., 1999. Building leaders: How successful companies develop the next generation. Grant, R.M., 1991. The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation. California management review, 33(3), pp. 114-135

Spousal Assault Essays - Abuse, Violence Against Men,

Spousal Assault Spousal assault is either the male or the female of the relationship who is being beaten up very brutally by their partner, such as a marriage. In most violent marriages the women in most cases are mostly subjected to spousal assaults. Women who are subjected to such beatings by there spouses are considered to Be known as "Battered wives. Wife assult is to be known as a very serious crime when committed this type of action can happen to any person at any age of there lives. Their husbands or even their boyfriends beat up over one million Canadian women each year. There are five types of wife abuse that are physical, psychological, emotional, sexual and also financial. Some men beat their wives to a point until they receive power and control over there battered wives spousal assault is a continuing process by which has many contributing factors. A common myth about wife abuse is that it is direct result of the perpetuators drinking problem and if it is treated, the addiction and abuse would end. Alcohol and different types of drugs do not cause the spouse to beat there wives senseless but although the alcohol may be contributing factor to the abusement. Many of the men who are constantly abusing their wives do so with out any substance abuse .The men who are beating their wives have one main reason for doing so and that is to gain power, and to gain control over their wives. If they realize that they have not received enough control and power over their wives they would continue to do so till they do gain there advantage over there wives. The man who constantly drinks and does drugs when they batter their wives is used as an excuse for beating their wives up.Alcohol is a strong substance that can cause the men to be highly encouragably that can cause the men to be very violent. Many of the abusive men who have increasingly battered their wives Page 2 to a pulp try to apologies to their wives and want them to forgive them for there wrongful act and try to make up many excuses that she had done some thing wrong such phrases as these: " If you had been a better wife ", " Oh , it was your fault " , " Your not being a good mother to the kids or to the family ." " then you would not have deserved to be beaten up ". Beaten up their wives is all about control and power over their wives. The man tries to control what she does, whom she is talking to all the time and even keeps a track on her to see where she is going at any time of the day. If the wife does not listen to the " King " they try to intimidate their wives by putting fear in their wives by giving them fearful looks, unusual actions , giving her threatening gestures , talking to her in a loud despicable voice. Grabbing things of her property and smashing and throwing them all over the house. The husband believes that he has absolute power and ever-lasting control over his wife. Most of the men consider them selves as the king of the castle in other word the home. He thinks that he is the one who makes the " Big " decisions in the home. And also not letting the wife make any rules of her own in the home, and she is also expected to listen the man if not she knows what would happen if she doesn't listen to her husband. The man takes it as an advantage to control the household so no one is able to over control him. Making or carrying out threats to his wife or emotionally hurting her is another way that the man wants power over his wife. Using the children to make the wife feel guilty in a way the man will sometimes do to harass her, Many of the men will ask their wives to do very sickening sexual things to him even though she doesn't want to do such an act with him. Always physically attacking her sexual parts on her body and treating her like a sex object that can be very ridiculing for a woman, the man sexually abuses her. There are five forms of wife abuse. Firstly, psychological abuse. Psychological abuse is when the women live with the constant fear

The perfect storm and old man in the sea comparison essays

The perfect storm and old man in the sea comparison essays The commitment to sailing out farther into the sea where the big fish promise to be, testifies to the depth of a fishermans pride. Santiago, a character in The Old Man In The Sea, does this with determination to change his ill luck. In The Perfect Storm, the crew of the Andrea Gail does the same in order to make some quick cash with some hard working. In both books, obstacles unlike no other face each man, a moment of truth for all. Santiago, an old wise man, could definitely be considered a Jonah. He has faced ill luck for eighty-four days by not catching a single fish and becoming the laughing-stock of his insignificant village. His prize Marlin was destroyed by sharks and Santiago blames it on his exaggerated pride. On board the Andrea Gail, Billy Tyne also covets to go further into the sea, (the Flemish Cap) to increase his fish stock and earn a rewarding paycheck. His crew finds a great amount of fish but in the end loses it all to three combined storms: Hurricane Grace, the Sable Island Storm, and a Canadian high. Billy Tyne and Santiago share the same exaggerated pride, which in the end brings them down. When the crew works twenty hours a day for two or three weeks straight, they fall into their bunks for the long steam back. (P.58 The Perfect Storm) This means the storms caught the crew off guard and ill luck led the way to their fatal deaths. However, before Santiago was no more, he taught many lesson s to Manolin, and the Andrea Gail crew to the world. By sailing right into the middle of three storms, Billy Tynes ignorance and anxiety to get home and collect his money was overpowering him. Santiago was over powered in his mind to catch at least one fish and make his village stop laughing. These driving forces are what led to tragic endings in both novels. Everyone on the Andrea Gail is never heard from again and Santiago lost his Ma ...

Product Packaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product Packaging - Essay Example The combination of paper and plastic to package ice cream is relatively desirable, economical and convenient. The types of ice cream intended to market are creams, cones and bars. The ice cream categories include; frozen yogurt, dessert toppings, ice cream and novelties. Similarly, the sizes of the ice cream are; 3.5 oz for creams, 5.0 oz for ice cream bars and 4.5 oz for ice cream cones. These packaging materials can conform to any size and shape (Albert 16). In addition, it is essential to ensure that the packaging criteria favor all serving size options such as; retail, pints, scrounds, family and single consumers. According to the laws and regulations governing labeling in France, the labels on the food products must be visible, easy to understand, not edible and easy to see. Furthermore, the list of ingredients must be shown, the original place of the product and the storage condition. Similarly, the expiry date must be clearly indicated, and the percentage content of alcohol in the ice cream should be included. Ice cream with alcoholic content should indicate a warning (Castellani 30). In this regard, it should not be sold to persons below the age of 18, according to the minimum age as illustrated by the French law on alcohol. Various companies in France have different packaging techniques. For example, Unilever and Ben & Jerrys have to deep-frozen the ice cream after production and it takes the shape of the equipment used to freeze (Baker 24). The ice cream of this company is differentiated from those of its competitors since the company uses packaging materials that conform to different shapes and

English as a global langurage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English as a global langurage - Essay Example Every country has a first spoken language. There is French for people from France, German for people from Germany and Spanish from people from Spain. Other countries even have dialects as part of their language, like how the Philippines has Filipino as the national language, and dialects specialized in regional locations in the country. For many years, civilization from around the world developed with their own unique languages because throughout history language was equated to geographical territory-land (The Language Situation of Today’s World). Who we are roots from where we come from, and with the cultural richness of our upbringing comes the language we speak. In this sense, it would be very important to value local dialects and languages of all forms because it simple reminds us of how we see and present ourselves to the word (Crystal, 1997). These two language functions of intelligibility and identity presented by David Crystal tell us about the conflict raised in the i nterest we build when it comes to our world languages. In today’s modern age of technological advancement and booming globalization, the English language has entered or even dominated different countries from across the globe. It would be best to discuss the positive and negative effects of its boom to being the world’s global language. ... Having a common language provides a positive avenue for healthy relationships across nations and it even provides employment for a lot of people from different parts of the world. China is known to be one of the biggest and most powerful nations in the world aside from the US and the UK. English is now viewed as â€Å"the gatekeeper† to their higher education, employment, economic prosperity and social status. It has recently faced controversies when it comes to putting English in the pedestal over other local dialects and languages in the country (Qiang and Wolff). Many Chinese dialects has become marginalized, forgotten or totally banished in the country. The Chinese Academy is just one of the many educational institutions that have English as a required course in their curriculum. With this said, when a student fails to reach the standards on English proficiency will fail to receive his diploma as well. It has become a competitive part of the work force wherein despite the minimal chances of using the language in the comfort of the nation’s corporate territory, employees put extra effort in learning the language as it is a pre- condition for promotion. Furthermore, China has made English its unofficial second language. An estimated 150,000 foreign English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers and more than 1,000,000 Chinese English teachers are now educating more than 600,000,000 Chinese students (Qiang and Wolff). With effects to do world’s biggest populated country as proof, English has long secured its status as a global language in the 20th century. All these are under the reason of its strong acting force in facilitating globalization. China only complied with the growing

Conduct an external environment analysis for a company (tesco) of your Essay

Conduct an external environment analysis for a company (tesco) of your choice assessing the impact of the external environment o - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the examination of the potential impact of the external environment on the HR policies of a well-known firm in the British grocery industry: Sainsbury’s. The level at which the recession, and other elements of the firm’s external environment, have affected the organization’s HR policies are critically examined using appropriate literature. It is proved that, despite the market pressures, HR policies in Sainsbury’s have been slightly affected by the firm’s external environment, a fact that has been strongly related with the strategic choices of the organization’s leaders. 2. Sainsbury’s – interaction between the external environment and the firm’s HR policies Like all organizations, Sainsbury’s is also highly affected by its external environment. In fact, it could be stated that the external environment of the organization affects all aspects of the firm’s strategies and operations, i ncluded the HR policies. In order to understand the level at which the external environment can influence Sainsbury’s HR policies, it would be necessary to refer to the organization’s performance, as part of the UK grocery industry. Then, the firm’s HR strategy should be presented and compared with the external environment – which is analyzed using the SWOT analysis – aiming to show the key points of impact of the external environment on the HR policies of the organization. 2.1 Overview of the organization Sainsbury’s is one of the major competitors in the UK grocery industry. The firm’s employees have been estimated to 150,000; the firm was first established in 1869 and has now about 890 stores across Britain (Sainsbury’s, corporate website, 2011). The firm is part of the J Sainsbury plc, which activates in many industries, including the banking sector – through the Sainsbury’s bank (Sainsbury’s, corporate website, 2011). The performance of the firm in 2010 has been increased, achieving a profit of ?21,421m, while in 2009 the firm’s profits were estimated to ?20,383m; the specific fact is quite encouraging, taking into consideration the turbulences in the global market – due to the recession which has not been terminated – but also the strong competition in the British grocery industry. Of course, the level of increase of the firm’s profitability may be reduced compared to the past – see Graph 1, Appendix section where the performance of the firm for the third quarter of the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 is compared; in accordance with the above graph, the growth of sales of the firm in the third quarter of 2009 and 2010 may be reduced – compared to the third quarter of 2008 – but it is standardized at a particular level, at a percentage of 3.6%. 2.2 External environment analysis – SWOT analysis The impact of the external environmen t on the firm’s HR policies requires the presentation of the main elements of this environment; the SWOT analysis can be used for highlighting the key characteristics/ trends of the organization’s external environment and their impact on the firm’s HR policies. In the context of the SWOT analysis, the following elements

Great Depression Impact on US

Great Depression Impact on US This investigation will investigate how the Great Depression affected the United States in their economy during the second half of the 20th century. This investigation will be conducted by first analyzing the involvement of the United States in their economy a decade before the Great Depression in order to provide an understanding of the state of the United States prior to the Great Depression. U.S. involvement in their economy will also be evaluated during the time period of the Great Depression to determine the immediate effects. Finally, the participation of the United States in their economy during the second half of the 20th century will be examined in order to observe the more long-term effects of the Great Depression. These three different time periods will provide an overall understanding of how events transpired and their outcomes. Summary of Evidence U.S. involvement in their economy before the Great Depression (primarily 1920s) Before the Great Depression, the United States was one of the many industrialized countries that followed the gold standard. The gold standard measured the value of a dollar. It enabled countries to conduct trade and exchange their products because everyone followed the same monetary system. In order to sustain the value of a dollar, countries had to follow the same system; however, as the Great Depression neared, countries began to leave the system of the gold standard because of various reasons such as possessing an economy that is unable to keep up with the system. For instance, after the First World War, Germanys economy was no longer able to continue on because of the debt that they owed. In the case of the United States, the Federal Reserve decided to sustain stability internationally rather than focus on the prosperity of their country.  [1]   U.S. involvement in their economy during the Great Depression During the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, there were two large groups who competed with one another in order to control the United States foreign economic policy.  [2]  The Hoover Republicans chose to support manufacturers who made up the relatively smaller and more moderately sized part of the manufacturers in the United States.  [3]  By doing so, they caused the government to neglect the larger manufacturers during the time of the Hoover administration; however, once the Roosevelt administration came into power, there was a change in the tariff policy. In 1934, the Congressed formed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 in accordance to the needs of the Presidents Executive position.  [4]   U.S. involvement in their economy after the Great Depression The United States was having difficulty continuing to follow a monetary policy that followed a gold standard. Eventually, during the early 1970s, the country finally stopped following the gold standard. The United States was increasing their monetary policy at a speed that made them unable to follow the gold standard of the time. Soon, the United States was unable to internationally use gold anymore since they have deterred away from the gold standard. Essentially, abandonment of gold did not lead to expansionary monetary policy and inflation, rather, expansionary policy and inflation forced the abandonment of gold.  [5]   Evaluation of Sources The World Economy between the World Wars written by Charles H. Feinstein, Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo examine the Great Depression in relation to the financial crisis that is experienced by many countries across the world such as Germany, Britain, and the United States. Feinstein, Temin, and Toniolo examine the causes leading up to the Great Depression. They also examine the effects of the Great Depression and the improvement of the economy after it was hit by the Great Depression. The focus of this book is to further understand the interrelated financial issues among several of the worlds leading countries during the 1920s. Federal Reserve System: Background, Analyses and Bibliography by George B. Grey examines the Federal Reserve of the United States. The author focuses primarily of the institution referred to as the Federal Reserve. He breaks down the actions and non-actions of the Federal Reserve System which provides a comprehensive critical analysis on its causes and effects on the United States economy. This is a limitation because other institutions in the United States are not addressed as well. The author inserts many of his opinions and deductions throughout the piece. For example, Essentially, abandonment of gold did not lead to expansionary monetary policy and inflation, rather, expansionary policy and inflation forced the abandonment of gold.  [6]   Analysis U.S. involvement in their economy before the Great Depression (primarily 1920s) The actions of the Federal Reserve resulted in an increase of deflation and decline in the economy. Their actions demonstrate more concern held for upholding international needs before domestic ones. Before the Great Depression, the United States had entered the First World War in April of 1917. They had practiced isolationism until the United States could no longer stand by and watch on the sidelines any longer. This leads to the question of which is more important, supporting the country or supporting the international balance. After being exposed to the international issues that occurred as a result of the First World War, the United States felt as though they should support any international issues from the start of the problem before it escalades and ends up hurting their economy even more. U.S. involvement in their economy during the Great Depression Alterations to the trade policy were made in order to accommodate the executive power since the power of the president was expanding. Since this act was passed during Roosevelts presidency, the president was able to negotiate with other countries in order to reduce tariffs. The changes made from the Hoover Republicans to the Roosevelt Democrats resulted in an inconsistency of the government. During Hoovers time in power, he had allowed Congress to increase the rates of tariffs to points that could be dangerous to the United States. Roosevelt on the other hand had worked alongside with Congress in order to ensure lower tariffs by creating a trade policy that would allow so. By doing so, the barriers set to the United States trade would primarily be decided by the President. Overall, this inconsistency would negatively affect the United States economy because of the constant shift in policies. During this time period, the government actions towards the economy appeared to be indecisive . After the Great Depression hit, it was difficult for the one in presidency to determine the best strategy of recovering the economy. U.S. involvement in their economy after the Great Depression The United States switched their system of currencies since the current one no longer allowed them to conduct effective transactions. Many of the previous standards and systems that the United States had once followed no longer worked for them. The public primarily stopped using gold in 1933 which was about during the time of the Great Depression; however, it was not until 1971 and 1973 that the United States had finally ended any relationship it had with gold for good. A positive aspect of abandoning the gold standard was saving the country from following a system that their current state could no longer follow; however, a negative factor is that it made international business more difficult. This could harm the economy because it limits those that they can conduct business with. People are only able to conduct transactions when they provide the equivalent or sufficient funds which can only be conducted if all parties involved follow an international system of currency. Conclusion In conclusion, the Great Depression negatively affected the United States involvement in their economy. The Great Depression broke the confidence of the American people as well as their leaders. The future of their economy was unclear and shaky strategies were used in order to attempt to recover. After the Great Depression, the United States government sought to remove systems that did not work for them in order to protect the country from any possible complications that could arise in the economy. After the Great Depression, the United States were more careful in what could stay and what had to go. List of Sources Feinstein, C. H., Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo. The World Economy between the World Wars. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Print. Grey, George B. Federal Reserve System: Background, Analyses and Bibliography. Huntington, NY: Nova Science, 2002. Print. Ikenberry, G. John., David A. Lake, and Michael Mastanduno. The State and American Foreign Economic Policy. Pastor, Robert A. Congress and the Politics of U. S. Foreign Economic Policy 1929-1976 McCormick, Thomas J. Americas Half-century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and after.

Grace and The Death Essay -- Literature, James Joyce

The characters of James Joyce’s Dubliners live in a world where they are psychologically stagnant despite the impact of social experiences in their lives. Each character’s development depends on their interactions with others as well as their individual decisions. From childhood to adulthood, the protagonists have encounters with family, friends, or colleagues that result in either negative or positive effects on their growth and awareness of their current state of unhappiness. The addition of relationships, or camaraderie, does not come into full effect until the latter half of the book, where the themes are expressed in darker tones and the writing style become more ambiguous. Joyce lightens the mood of the Dubliners with the portrayal of camaraderie in his final two stories, â€Å"Grace† and â€Å"The Dead† which give a realness and complexity to the problems of Dublin life. In most cases, camaraderie does not adhere well with the characters of the Dubliners because of their innate sense of independence or their distrust of the community. But by distancing themselves from family and friends, they are allowing themselves to suffer alone. Their inability to commit to relationships and to feel genuine compassion for others prevents them from experiencing the full benefit of camaraderie. The contribution of the masculine and family camaraderie renders an ironic, whimsical effect in â€Å"Grace† whereas â€Å"The Dead† ends with a bittersweet consequence for its protagonist. Joyce introduces the motif of the alcoholism throughout the Dubliners, not only as an emphasis on an Irish stereotype but to contribute a cause for an adult Dubliner’s corruption. He satirizes the Irish pub as a sort of assembly hall for this masculine camaraderie, though it ... ...s† that Joyce refers to. The endings of â€Å"Grace† and â€Å"The Dead† resonate intensely with the feelings of the soul by looking past the egotism and prejudice. The indefinite conclusion allows readers to focus on the capability of the protagonist to bring to completion his reformation. Bibliography Book Sources †¢ Joyce, James, Edna O'Brien, and Malachy McCourt. Dubliners. New York: Signet Classics, 2007. Internet Sources †¢ Ames, William. "Interpretation of Grace from Dubliners, by James Joyce." On Grace. The Poet's Forum. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. . †¢ "Penguin.com (usa)." Dubliners. Penguin Group USA. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. . †¢ Williams, Bob. "Dubliners." - by James Joyce. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. .

Why factories are not located in Inner-city areas any more?

During 1951 to 1991 there was an obvious economic decline in industries, which were based in the inner-city areas. Inner-city areas experienced a massive decline in industry during this time. All of the following resulted in the closure of factories, offices and shops: Industries were expanding at such a rate that they were taking up all the room in the inner-city areas. As we already know there is limited room in the inner city, and it would have been impossibility for the industries to expand any more. If they did expand, it would mean that they were expanding into residential areas, which is another impossibility. Once the factories had reached their full capacity in the areas they were situated, they were forced to move. This is a lack of expansion space. Buildings/factories often became out of date. New technologies had been introduced into the industries, and the basically the old factories were unsuited to the modern techniques. Often the buildings became derelict, and too bad to repair. The new factories were bigger and better, and could not expand in the inner city therefore they moved into the suburban areas. As the new companies looked for places to expand into, they tended to avoid the inner city. The infrastructure was poor. The roads were too small to accommodate all the large vehicles. People living in the inner city tend to park their cars on the side of the road therefore causing a blockage, or narrow roads. As the factories closed and moved, so did the majority of the population. As a result shops and restaurants suffered, and struggle to find business.

Learn About the Sahara Desert

Learn About the Sahara Desert The Sahara Desert is located in the northern portion of Africa and covers over 3,500,000 square miles (9,000,000 sq km) or roughly 10% of the continent. It is bounded in the east by the Red Sea and it stretches west to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north, the Sahara Deserts northern boundary is the Mediterranean Sea, while in the south it ends at the Sahel, an area where the desert landscape transforms into a semi-arid tropical savanna. Since the Sahara Desert makes up nearly 10% of the African continent, the Sahara is often cited as the worlds largest desert. This is not entirely true, however, as it is only the worlds largest hot desert. Based on the definition of a desert as an area receiving less than 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation per year, the worlds largest desert is actually the continent of Antarctica. Geography of the Sahara Desert Stocktrek Images / Getty Images The Sahara covers parts of several African nations including Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, and Tunisia. Most of the Sahara Desert is undeveloped and features a varied topography. Most of its landscape has been shaped over time by wind and includes sand dunes, sand seas called ergs, barren stone plateaus, gravel plains, dry valleys, and salt flats. Around 25% of the desert is sand dunes, some of which reach over 500 ft (152 m) in height. There are also several mountain ranges within the Sahara and many are volcanic. The highest peak found in these mountains is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano that rises to 11,204 ft (3,415 m). It is a part of the Tibesti Range in northern Chad. The lowest point in the Sahara Desert is in Egypts Qattara Depression at -436 ft (-133 m) below sea level. Most of the water found in the Sahara today is in the form of seasonal or intermittent streams. The only permanent river in the desert is the Nile River that flows from Central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Other water in the Sahara is found in underground aquifers  and in areas where this water reaches the surface, there are oases and sometimes small towns or settlements like the Bahariya Oasis in Egypt and Ghardaà ¯a in Algeria. Since the amount of water and topography varies based on location, the Sahara Desert is divided into different geographic zones. The center of the desert is considered hyper-arid and has little to no vegetation, while the northern and southern portions have sparse grasslands, desert shrub and sometimes trees in areas with more moisture. Climate of the Sahara Desert Samere Fahim Photography / Getty Images Although hot and extremely dry today, it is believed that the Sahara Desert has undergone various climatic shifts for the last few hundred thousand years. For example, during the last glaciation, it was bigger than it is today because precipitation in the area was low. But from 8000 BCE to 6000 BCE, precipitation in the desert increased because of the development of low pressure over ice sheets to its north. Once these ice sheets melted, however, the low pressure shifted and the northern Sahara dried out but the south continued to receive moisture due to the presence of a monsoon. Around 3400 BCE, the monsoon moved south to where it is today and the desert again dried out to the state it is in today. In addition, the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, ITCZ, in the southern Sahara Desert prevents moisture from reaching the area, while storms north of the desert stop before reaching it as well. As a result, the annual rainfall in the Sahara is below 2.5 cm (25 mm) per year. In addition to being extremely dry, the Sahara is also one of the hottest regions in the world. The average annual temperature for the desert is 86 °F (30 °C) but during the hottest months temperatures can exceed 122 °F (50 °C), with the highest temperature ever recorded at 136 °F (58 °C) in Aziziyah, Libya. Plants and Animals of the Sahara Desert kristianbell / Getty Images Due to the high temperatures and arid conditions of the Sahara Desert, the plant life in the Sahara Desert is sparse and includes only around 500 species. These consist mainly of drought and heat resistant varieties and those adapted to salty conditions (halophytes) where there is sufficient moisture. The harsh conditions found in the Sahara Desert have also played a role in the presence of animal life in the Sahara Desert. In the central and driest part of the desert, there are around 70 different animal species, 20 of which are large mammals like the spotted hyena. Other mammals include the gerbil, sand fox,  and Cape hare. Reptiles like the sand viper and the monitor lizard are present in the Sahara as well. People of the Sahara Desert Zine Elabidine Laghfiri / EyeEm / Getty Images It is believed that people have inhabited the Sahara Desert since 6000 BCE and earlier. Since then, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks,  and Europeans have been among the peoples in the area. Today the Saharas population is around 4 million with the majority of the people living in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, and Western Sahara. Most of the people living in the Sahara today do not live in cities; instead, they are nomads who move from region to region throughout the desert. Because of this, there are many different nationalities and languages in the region but Arabic is most widely spoken. For those who do live in cities or villages on fertile oases, crops and the mining of minerals like iron ore (in Algeria and Mauritania) and copper (in Mauritania) are important industries that have allowed population centers to grow.

Finding Conditions for Factor Returns and Scale Returns

Finding Conditions for Factor Returns and Scale Returns A factor return is the return attributable to a particular common factor, or an element that influences many assets which can include factors like market capitalization, dividend yield, and risk indices, to name a few. Returns to scale, on the other hand, refer to what happens as the scale of production increases over the long term as all inputs are variable. In other words, scale returns represent the change in output from a proportionate increase in all inputs. To put these concepts into play, lets take a look at a production function with a factor returns and scale returns practice problem. Factor Returns and Returns to Scale Economics Practice Problem Consider the production function Q KaLb. As an economics student, you may be asked to find conditions on a and b such that the production function exhibits decreasing returns to each factor, but increasing returns to scale. Lets look at how you might approach this. Recall that in the article Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Returns to Scale that we can easily answer these factor returns and scale returns questions by simply doubling the necessary factors and doing some simple substitutions. Increasing Returns to Scale Increasing returns to scale would be when we double all factors and production more than doubles. In our example we have two factors K and L, so well double K and L and see what happens: Q KaLb Now lets double all our factors, and call this new production function Q Q (2K)a(2L)b Rearranging leads to: Q 2abKaLb Now we can substitute back in our original production function, Q: Q 2abQ To get Q 2Q, we need 2(ab) 2. This occurs when a b 1. As long as ab 1, we will have increasing returns to scale. Decreasing Returns to Each Factor But per our practice problem, we also need decreasing returns to scale in each factor. Decreasing returns for each factor occurs when we double only one factor, and the output less than doubles. Lets try it first for K using the original production function: Q KaLb Now lets double K, and call this new production function Q Q (2K)aLb Rearranging leads to: Q 2aKaLb Now we can substitute back in our original production function, Q: Q 2aQ To get 2Q Q (since we want decreasing returns for this factor), we need 2 2a. This occurs when 1 a. The math is similar for factor L when considering the original production function: Q KaLb Now lets double L, and call this new production function Q Q Ka(2L)b Rearranging leads to: Q 2bKaLb Now we can substitute back in our original production function, Q: Q 2bQ To get 2Q Q (since we want decreasing returns for this factor), we need 2 2a. This occurs when 1 b. Conclusions and Answer So there are your conditions. You need ab 1, 1 a, and 1 b in order to exhibit decreasing returns to each factor of the function, but increasing returns to scale. By doubling factors, we can easily create conditions where we have increasing returns to scale overall, but decreasing returns to scale in each factor. More Practice Problems for Econ Students: Elasticity of Demand Practice ProblemAggregate Demand Aggregate Supply Practice Problem

BP Russian Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BP Russian Analysis - Case Study Example While partnerships are vital for the success of an organization, they may become sources of business failure if their construction is not efficient. BP Russia is one of the companies that have engaged in partnerships that have undermined its potential to grow and take advantage of the market. An analysis of BP Russia will reveal the various aspects of partnerships that determine its failure or success and the way organizations can benefit from such business partnerships. BP proposed an alliance with Rosneft as part of the organization commitment to take advantage of mergers to increase organization productivity. The proposed partnership between BP and Rosneft would have numerous benefits if successful. The main aim of the strategic alliance was to use a collaborative approach on the development of oil reserves of the Kara Sea in the Russian Arctic (University of Virginia 6). The first benefit of the alliance is that the two would have a greater financial worth, which would help to explore the Kara Sea in a more profitable manner. Since the exploration of oil and development of oil reserves is a costly operation, it is difficult for any organization to go it alone without a partnership. On this note, the alliance would allow BP to take advantage of the oil reserves, develop them and hence increase productivity, which means higher profits for both organizations. Secondly, BP had a long-term plan in the terms of the partnership. The terms of the strate gic alliance was that BP secure 9.5% of Rosneft bringing its total share of Rosneft at 10.8%. This share swap condition would have a long-term benefit for BP Russia. Increasing its share value in Rosneft would be an increase in its share value. On this note, it is possible to term the strategic alliance as a worthwhile development strategy for BP Russia. On the other hand, managers must be aware that there are always implications for success or failure of a partnership. The success of the BP-Rosneft alliance would

Investigate an artists design principles,technique and media -antonio Essay

Investigate an artists design principles,technique and media -antonio canova - Essay Example During his life, Canova gained the reputation of one of the most significant sculptors of his time. His contemporaries did not regret strong epithets to describe their admiration of Canova’s talent. They compared him with the best sculptors of antiquity. Antonio Canova had accomplished a large number of great works and masterpieces of world’s sculpture during his life. His art work can be divided into two different periods that refer to the different art styles. He began to sculpt within the popular tradition of baroque; however, after starting to learn ancient art and sculpture, he refused the baroque style, and began to follow the classical ancient restraint. In this respect, the current paper will contrast Canova’s earlier works of baroque style and later sculptures of classical style. To comprehend the idea of the difference in works of both periods, it is also worth giving a short overview of the baroque and classicist traditions that Canova belonged to. Bar oque sculpture is a style in sculpture characterized by the exaggerated theatricality of the images, dynamic poses, expressive gestures and specific extravagance. The style was formed in the 17th and in the first half of the 18th century, as one of the components of the Baroque culture. The expression of the sculpture developed by the baroque tradition reached the unprecedented level. The element of theatricality was actively implemented by the sculptors. The first innovation introduced by the Baroque sculpture was the interest in the dramatic complexity and diversity of the world. The main attention was paid to the dynamism of the ensemble through the embodiment of scenes depicting the certain moment of the certain action. The sculptors sought to include the audience in the space of sculpture and to intensify the entertainment of the scene. A typical feature of the Baroque sculpture is sharp need for the medium and active interaction with it: water, light, and air. Baroque sculptur es need architectural or landscape frame; therefore, the impression of them can usually be lost in the museum environment. In the Renaissance the painting tended to sculptural principles, but in the era of Baroque sculpture tended to the principles of painting. The masters were proud of their ability to assimilate sculpture to painting. This effect was reached with the help of patches of reflected light, playing on the surface of the sculpture. Sculptor’s ideas were intended to perceive the most delicate transitions of light and shadow on the depicted human body. All in all, the space around the figure played a very important role in the art of the Baroque2. According to all these principles, Canova made his first sculptures. The brightest examples of his works made in the Baroque style were the sculpture groups Orpheus and Eurydice (1776) and Daedalus and Icarus (1779). The statue group Orpheus and Eurydice (1776) tells the story of Orpheus, who, after the death of his wife Eurydice, went down into the underworld of the dead. There, with his playing and singing, he touched the goddess Persephone so much that she gave him his wife back. For that Orpheus had to meet one condition not to turn around to look on his wife Eurydice until they come out of the realm of the dead. Orpheus could not resist, he looked back and forever lost his wife. Sculptor managed to convey complex bending shapes in the significant turn and the horror written on the face of Orpheus, who saw that his wife disappeared in the realm of shadows. In 1779 Canova

The Real Cause of Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Real Cause of Conflict - Essay Example Over the years several psychologists have developed tests to evidence and describe the different personality types, including Jung, Myers-Briggs and the Big Five Personality Tests, which is now the most extensively acknowledged and used model of personality. The Big Five was developed in the 1970's by two different research studies which though completed differently came to similar conclusions: that a majority of personality traits can be defined under five broad themes, extroversion, emotional stability, orderliness, accommodation and intellect. All other personality traits can be correlated to one of these independent personality traits (Howard & Howard, 2007). However, there is a weakness with this theory, as researchers have not been able to completely agree on what exactly the fundamental aspect of each personality trait is (Howard & Howard, 2007). People frequently seek and admire personalities that are different from their own, and being appreciative to these positive attributes they have may hinder them to realise it could cause stress and be a significant contributor to disagreements. Usually people seek out individuals who fill these personality differences, in which to have personal or working relationships with. A lot of people who have personalities where they are exceptionally well-organized are often drawn to partners who have a preference to handling situations in an easy going and effortless manner. In comparison rational, sensible thinkers prefer affectionate, sensitive partners, and vibrant extroverts may have a preference for strong, quiet people (Landau & Landau, 1997). The same can be apparent in working relationships between co-workers. This is most likely because they perceive their counterparts as being more relaxed at managing situations they themselves would find hard to achieve (Landau & Landau, 1997). As Smallwood (2009) states, differences in individual personalities can work to an advantage in teamwork, as there is an chance for the team members to merge together, not in the case that everyone thinks the same and agrees, but that everyone's individual strengths and abilities can work together to create a stronger, and more effective conclusion or solution to the problem they are working on. HowveHHowever, these personality differences can also cause significant problems when working in a team, as they clash rather than compliment each other (Smallwood, 2009). These problems may occur when one individual feels that their way is the only 'right' way to do something. However, as evidence shows there is always more than one way to reach the same result, and an individual can learn a lot from watching how another person achieves these results. Smallwood (2009) suggests that teams do require different personalities to produce an effective work environment where the different attitudes and abilities produce an effective whole, from its different parts; however, it is easy for an individual to become judgemental of another team member who does a task in a different way from which they would, rather than appreciating the differences. In addition, team members will sometimes judge the behaviour of a co-worker, by assuming they are feeling a certain way because of their outward behaviour. For example, if a co-worker is quiet, the individual may assume that they are angry, as this is how they

Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut Essay Example for Free

Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut Essay Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut combines the themes of loss and determinism to create a story of the power of tragedy. The characters and events experience the inevitability of tragedy and begin to accept the fate granted, affecting their view of their own lives. Billy Pilgrim is a numb and senseless character after his experiences in WWII; witnessing the bombing of Dresden triggered the concept that the he cannot change circumstances which therefore causes him to no longer participate in his life. Everything becomes insignificant, his view of death best showcases this stating carelessly, â€Å"so it goes† over 100 times through the novel, whether talking about the death of microbes in his jacket or the incomparable Martin Luther King Jr.; because to Billy, it is all the same. He accepts tragedies and views life as a helpless place therefore becoming discouraged from proactively seeking change and happiness. Similarly, the Tralfamadorian’s believe all events are out of their control and inevitable. They live without guilt because in their world, everything is meant to be, â€Å"There isn’t anything we can do about them (wars). So we simply don’t look at them. We ignore them.† (Vonnegut 101) The Tralfamadorians live in ignorance, not feeling the need or ability to influence events and view life as predetermined and unalterable. It can be argued that this outlook leaves it’s beholders oppressed and feeling powerless, in the way many readers view Billy, after the Tralfamadorian’s share this philosophy with him. This negative view of life is fueled by their accepting attitude and waves them of the responsibility such as preventing accidents like the end of the world from occurring. The lack of decision making and ignorance becomes deeply rooted in their fatalistic thoughts and damages positive feelings towards life. Billy and the Tralfamadorian’s mirror Vonnegut’s experiences and emotions, acting as an anchor to reality. Due to this Vonnegut serves as an ideal real world example of the effects of acceptance. Slaughterhouse-Five is a work entirely based on how Vonnegut understands life now, accepting the horrors of war and their impacts as his reality along with their side effects such as alcoholism and sadness. Vonnegut chooses to begin his novel with a bird singing, â€Å"Poo-tee-weet?†(Vonnegut 19) and ends Billy’s story  with the bird once again repeating itself. The bird is a meaningless limerick formed in Vonnegut mind to show how life just continues to pointlessly repeat. The entire novel is Vonnegut’s way of accepting and retelling tragedy and through each character and his own prologue it can be inferred Vonnegut views his life as a place which is no longer joyful and significant. Slaughterhouse-Five is a key literary example surrounding the negativity of how accepting events without inquiry allows people to forfeit both guilt and responsibility. In this book it is apparent the acceptance of tragedy effects the views of one’s life to become pointless and unhappy, consequently resulting in lack of motivation and then ignorance; discouraging a culture of growth and happiness.

Incidents And Leaders Interaction Within The Movie History Essay

Incidents And Leaders Interaction Within The Movie History Essay This paper analyses the theories and concepts of leadership of key characters in the movie, Invictus. The key characters analysed are President Nelson Mandela and Francois Pienaar, captain of the South African rugby team. Based on a book written by John Carlin, Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Changed a Nation, the movie is directed by award-winning director Clint Eastwood. Starring Morgan Freeman as President Nelson Mandela and Matt Damon plays Francois Pienaar, who is the current captain of the Springboks, the South African rugby team, it was released in the United States in mid-December 2009. 2.0 SYNOPSIS OF MOVIE Storyline The story centres around events before and during the 1995 Rugby World Cup, hosted in South Africa shortly after the fall of apartheid with the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela. Mandela was held in a prison on Robben Island for close to 27 years. As the new elected President, Mandela vowed to unite the South Africa population which is currently divided into two groups: the white people who originated from Europe and came to South African in the seventeeth century known as Afrikaners and the native black population of the country. The movie basically shows President Mandelas attempt to unite both groups in supporting the countrys rugby team, the Springboks (rugby was traditionally a white sport) and steering the team as it made a historic drive towards winning the 1995 Rugby World Cup Championship. Despite all odds and initial resistance, the black natives of South Africa soon began to show interest in the Springboks. As the team wins more and more games, they continue to receive rising support from both the Afrikaners and the black natives. The team achieved unexpected success in the 1995 Rugby World Cup final, defeating the strongest opponent in the tournament, New Zealand, which brought cheer not only to the Afrikaners but also to the black natives all over the country as they celebrated the teams victory. This inevitably began to bridge the divide between the two groups that had been there for centuries due to apartheid. The title Invictus is translated from the Latin as undefeated or unconquered, and is the title of a poem by English poet William Ernest Henley (1849-1903). The ending saw the recitation of verses from the poem: Out of the night that covers me, Black as the pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance my head is bloody, but unbowed. Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years Finds and shall find me unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. Leaders in the movie There are clearly two distinguished leaders in the movie: President Nelson Mandela despite having to face other pressing issues to build the country in his first term as president, Mandela is committed to his pledge to reunite the people of South Africa. He tries to achieve this through sports, namely rugby in which the country is hosting in the following year. Francois Pienaar, captain of the Springboks (South African Rugby team). Pienaar faces a tough challenge from President Mandela to drive his team to win the 1995 Rugby World Cup Championship, something he never thought possible before. Role of leaders Newly-elected President Nelson Mandela plays a leading role as the person who tries to unite the divided groups of white Afrikaners and the black South African natives with the end of apartheid. He believes that it can be achieved through rugby, which is the number one sport for the white Afrikaners. With his strong belief in the power of the game, Mandela went against the wishes of his own staff and follows his instincts to pursue his target. Mandela calmly leads by example, displaying great leadership skills through his quiet reflective confidence in contemplating decisions, his commitment to achieve whatever he sets out to do and the way he touches other peoples lives and emotions with his personal communication style. Meanwhile, Francois Pienaar admires President Mandelas aspirations to unite the people of South Africa and was inspired by his dedication and perseverance to achieve his goal. Through his leadership and commitment, Pienaar steadily builds his teams confidence and began to win more and more matches, and eventually brought his team to victory against the strongest opponent, New Zealand, in the final match of the 1995 Rugby World Cup. 3.0 LEADERSHIP ASPECTS Incidents within the movie involving the leaders One incident shows a sporting organization where all committee members are black natives, and they agree to pass a motion to change the name, colour and logo of the rugby team to suit a different and blacker South Africa. Currently, the rugby team represents the pride of the Afrikaners and is despised by the black natives as they see it as a symbol of apartheid. However, President Mandela who arrives at the meeting just after the voting process asks the committee members to rethink their decisions in the context of unity for the country and the good of the population. In the end, he manages to gather 13 votes on his side which is enough for him to keep the Springboks. Mandelas style of participative leadership is very admirable. He always encourages those working under him to think differently about surrounding issues.   A good example would be the one concerning his personal security group. Instead of being suspicious about the loyalty and commitment of his white security staff, he directed the security head, a black Soth African native, to work together with their highly experienced counterparts and learn from them. He also treats the white security staff well even though some of them were against him when he was in prison. Days before the final match, Pienaar as captain of the rugby squad claims that the team needs a break. They head to Robben Island with their girlfriends to take their minds off the game. There, Pienaar visited the jail where Mandela was held. Standing inside Mandelas actual jail cell, Pienaar is dismayed to discover how small the cell is and with nothing to sleep on except a thin sheet on the bare ground. Yet the man who was held in this cell for nearly 26 years can easily forgive those who put him in prison, and has great plans to unite the people of the country. Incidents and leaders interaction within the context of the movie President Mandela invites Pienaar to tea for their first meeting. Mandela believes that he can achieve the unity that he planned for through rugby and needed Pienaars assistance to get the support of the Afrikaners. Pienaar was charmed by Mandelas personal style and warmth upon his arrival at the Government House. He also observed that Mandela treated everyone around him with great respect, even the lady who served them tea. During the brief meeting, Mandela skillfully challenges Pienaar to think positively about winning the upcoming Rugby World Cup Championship. He shared his vision on the importance of winning the championship to South Africa to unite the people via a World Cup victory. Pienaar who was impressed with the presidents quiet leadership, personal commitment and motivation to achieve the vision soon began to see the odds of winning the cup as a possibility, thus inspires him to lead this team to train harder that before. Leaders behaviour and characteristics In this movie, Mandela skillfully demonstrates his people-oriented leadership style. For instance, even on his first day in office as the newly-elected President of South Africa, he showed great courtesy to all his staff, blacks and whites, by greeting and smiling at everybody whom he passed by on his way to his suite. This earned him great respect from all staff, especially the white Afrikaners who thought they would be sacked once a black leader assumed office. Mandela also decided to maintain the former white staff and builds an administrative team of both groups. The same also applies to his security staff. In order to lead by example and to achieve the unity he had long planned for, he believes that his team must reflect his vision. 4.0 DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOUR Leadership behaviour Leadership styles are important to successfully lead teams in organisations. There are various styles of leadership that can be observed and are practised by leaders in todays organisations, but theories mostly centre these two: The first group displays task-oriented behaviours, whereby the leader only manages the daily activities of his subordinates towards accomplishing a task which was predetermined. The second set involves people-oriented behaviour, also known as participative leadership. Leaders in this group normally provide a supportive role by encouraging his subordinates to get involved in decision making on the project that they are working on. This results in a positive work environment which increases productivity of the team as they feel that they are part of the decision making process and thus own the project.   Evidently, both sets of behaviours are important to create a balance in successful leadership. President Mandela excellently displayed both task-oriented and participative leadership styles in his quest to build the nation. He sought the help and participation of Pienaar to transform the image of the Springboks in the eyes of the black natives. Through Pienaars leadership, the team members successfully won the hearts of the black natives and garner their support which steered the team to victory. Change agent capabilities Basically, a change agent is someone who can motivate others around him to produce higher degree of output, to do more and to achieve better things in their lives. Change agents require emotional intelligence to ensure people are totally engaged in a project. People who are highly supportive of the purpose and are highly committed to achieve the objectives of the project will contribute to better productivity and chances of meeting the goals and objectives are maximised. A change agent needs to have high competencies in soft skills, namely excellent people and communication skills, to encourage peoples involvement and minimise resistance. He or she must be able to reach out to the inner values and beliefs of the people involved in the project in order to implement change with the people. Clearly, President Mandela has demonstrated his capabilities in becoming the change agent for South Africas unity and progress. President Mandela demonstrates these managerial traits effectively through leading by example and motivating people through his great respect for others and personal humility. His quietly confident manner and strong commitment in conveying his visions and aspirations also encourage others around him to do amazing things that they never thought they are capable of doing before. Able to support, able to develop new ideas and recognize achievement Despite the hostility shown towards his support for the Springboks, President Mandela stood his ground and diligently and courageously attended the rugby matches. He even made an effort to memorise the names of all the players and greeted them personally by their name before the matches and during practices. In order to promote foreign investment in building South Africas economy with is also laden with issues, Mandela administrative team tries to ensure that President Mandela receives wide press coverage whenever he meets with other world leaders to discuss bilateral relationships. 5.0 IDENTIFICATION AND EXPLANATION OF INCIDENTS Executive summary of the two incidents selected. President Mandela read the new concerning the upheaval in management of the Springboks team after he assumes the new position. He started to devise how to unite the people of South Africa and saw rugby as the vehicle that might work to bridge the divide. He understands that most Afrikaners are afraid of losing their identity when a black leader becomes president of the country and that the Springboks rugby team is traditionally very important to the white population. He then decides to use the Springboks as a means to unite the population and the upcoming Rugby World Cup Championship as the event that will bring them together. Later when Mandela came to know that a sports committee which comprise all black members voted to change the identity of the rugby team by changing the name, logo and colour of the Springboks to reflect a new and blacker South Africa, he personally hurried to attend the meeting and asked the committee members to rethink their decisions and explain the implicati ons that their decisions might bring onto the unity of the South African population. He managed to get a small following of 13 votes on his side; however, the small majority was enough to keep the Springboks intact. He then forges ahead with his plan to unite the black and white population through rugby. Pienaar also does his part to support President Mandelas commitment to unite the people of South Africa and instill pride in his teammates towards aunited country. In his first attempt to get the message across, Pienaar tries to make his team actually sing the South African national anthem by giving them copies of the anthems lyrics. However, his teammates show clear disinterest and merely scrunch up their copies. Later, they are forced by the President to take occasional breaks from rugby and go out into the poorer areas of South Africa and teach rugby to the natives as a way to inculcate interest of the game to the black natives. At first, only Chester who is the teams sole black player is welcomed by the black children but eventually, after many attempts, the whole team is accepted by the rural population. The team then willingly help introduce the sport to a new generation of children and instil national pride, regardless of race. Involvement of the selected leaders within the incident In the first incident, President Mandela takes it upon himself to make sure that the Springboks are able to maintain their name, logo and colours despite disagreement from the black sports committee members. He stood his ground and clearly conveyed the message across that what he did was for the good of the countrys unity. In the second incident, Pienaar tried to change the attitude of the team players towards embracing their national anthem. Even though he was not successful on his first attempt, the fact that he went on to sing the anthem displayed his willingness to lead by example, hoping that the others will follow suit. Making decision within team, group and individual setting A strategic leader has a team of decision makers to help him reach a consensus when making important decisions. This process of decision-making improves the quality of the decisions, especially when developing crucial planning and policies affecting the country. A strategic leader needs a competent team to support his role. Coupled with his knowledge and skills, a strategic leader can lead a team of high performing individuals to create and develop strategic vision and plans utilising available resources and implementing national policies. Due to the complexity of todays world economy and global issues, a strategic leader of a nation requires the assistance of a forward-looking team of executives to forge ahead with his plans to achieve his vision. Charismatic and transformational roles There are very few leaders who are capable of transformational leadership. However, this is not considered unfortunate as a leaders ultimate job is to keep the organization productive and the people engaged. In certain instances, too much transformation can be chaotic and lead nowhere. In this movie, Mandela was one of the few who can be categorized as a successful transformational leader. He was able to encourage people to believe in themselves so that the organisation can achieve greater heights. For instance, in his first meeting with Pienaar, Mandela explains that a leaders job is to get followers to believe that they are capable of doing more than they think possible. This thinking then leads to the rugby teams victory in winning the World Cup Championship. Leaders with these types of behaviours and attitudes tend to draw followers as people are naturally attracted to those who display strength and inspire belief in others. These charismatic qualities enable effective leadership. 6.0 Critically analyze each of the two and more incidents and consider other options the leaders could have considered and made. Participative leadership, delegation and empowerment Participative leadership style, which is known to be the best type of corporate leadership style in organisations today, allows employees to get involved in decision-making process to a certain extent. This democratic style of employee management creates healthy relationship between management and employees as both sides feel that their involvement is sought in the process of achieving the organizations goals and objectives. This leadership technique also promotes the development of future leaders via their participation in determining a common goal for the organization. As involvement of team members are required in decision making, hidden talents can be unearthed and their leadership qualities polished further. In the first incident, President Mandela asserts his decision to let the Springboks keep their identity but at the same time asks the committee members to reconsider their decision. Although he managed to persuade a small minority (13 votes) to agree with him, the number is sufficient and he looks upon it as a small win, not a total defeat. This displays his participative leadership style whereby instead of using his power and influence to change the committees decision, he asked them to rethink their decision and get them to vote again. For the second incident involving Pienaar, as captain of the team he tried to persuade the other members to sing along the national anthem. However, when the team crushed the paper given to them, he did not reprimand them but went on to sing the anthem. He tried to lead by example, hoping that the team would follow suit once they see him doing so. In encouraging the team to work harder towards achieving their goal of winning the World Cup Championship, Pienaar was seen motivating his team members so that they can all work towards one purpose and perform their best in every match. Pienaar also uses participative leadership to inculcate team spirit and camaraderie. Power and influence Power refers to the capacity a person has to influence the decision of another person so that the person acts according to his wishes. The more power a person has, the higher his influence on the whole system is. Meanwhile, influence causes a change in the attitude or behaviour of others and is more of a process which guides the peoples activities towards appropriate directions in meeting management objectives that have been set. As the President of the country, Mandela has both power and influence. However, he skillfully uses his power and influence to generate respect and support from the people. Pienaar also steadily works his way up to gain trust and respect from his fellow teammates. By commanding their trust and respect, he was capable of transforming the perception of the rugby team and instill pride and higher commitment from them. Managerial traits and skills President Mandela and Pienaar both demonstrate high level of management skills and leadership traits which help them gain support from a population which are initially plagued by centuries of racial divide. Mandela inspirational leadership motivates Pienaar to perform better than he ever thought he could. Through Mandelas quiet self-confidence and charisma, Pienaar was overwhelmed and personally look upon him as a great leader. Based on this motivation, Pienaar encouraged his rugby team to work harder and strive for victory. Leading change Mandelas first meeting with Francois Pienaar displays some important leadership lessons. When Piennar was asked by Mandela on his leadership philosophy, he answers that he believes in leading by example. Mandela concurs with him that leading by example is crucial. In response to another question on how Pienaar inspires people, he affirms that people are inspired through the heart and by what they see. Strategic leadership Strategic leadership refers to leaders who successfully influence large groups of people in organisations to act as required based on established organisational structure, allocated resources and communicated objectives and vision. They are generally functional in a highly complex environment which is influenced by external factors beyond their control. Strategic leaders have to digest information quickly and make correct decisions based on whatever is available to them at the point in time. As such, consequences of their decision affect more people in the organisation and tend to commit more resources. Sometimes, the decisions and initiatives can only implicate long-term plans and may take years to prepare and execute. Ethical issues In this movie, President Mandela transforms the perception of the black natives on rugby which has always been a white sport. Traditionally, the black natives despise the Springboks which they perceive as representing apartheid. By changing the values through this game, Mandela fruitfully changed the tradition of the population as all of them showed great unison in supporting the rugby team as they made their way to victory. Another example of good value that is displayed in this movie is when President Mandela took over the office of President. Although the white Afrikaner staff thought that they will be asked to leave their jobs when a black leader becomes president of the country, they are surprised when President Mandela asked them to continue working as usual and keep them as part of his administrative team. Although Mandela was subjected to a lot of grievances during the apartheid era, he shows strength of character when he does not display vindictiveness towards the white population. Yet he is able to forgive them and concentrate on uniting the racial divide. 7.0 CONCLUSION In summary, the movie Invictus is full of great examples of leadership skills and values. President Mandela exhibited excellent leadership and management skills in bringing unity to the country through sports and Pienaar successfully executed his part to garner the nations support to an overwhelming victory. Clearly, participative leadership and empowerment through consensus and general consultation brings better results compared to exertion of power and influence to move a population. The excellent examples depicted throughout the movie indicate the strength of characters of both President Nelson Mandela and Francois Pienaar. Their strengths shone through when presented by challenges upon challenges as they work their way to realising a united South African population. Charismatic leaders with strong commitment and high confidence can transform the impossible into a possibility and create huge success for the organisation. President Mandela displays his charisma as he successfully attracts followers, who initially disagree with his principles, into participating in activities towards achieving his vision. He effectively nurtures their emotions and encourages their hearts to work towards building the unity and accept differences among them as strengths and think positively for a better South Africa.